LlTBRATORl.— De Rossi, B\M. Arch. Chritt. Ser. L No. 6 (1887), p. 45 ff., Ser. Iv. No. 6 (18S8-S9), p. 120; Duchesne, Lt*er PontificaiU \ Hort, Roin. and Eph. pp. 12-14; Plumptre, Biblirat Studies, p. 417 ; Sanday-IIeadlam, Homana, pp. x.wii, 418 fl. ; liarosay, St. Paul the TTamller, 2(i8 f. ; Hiiniack, SitzunQgberichte der K. Frewfttichen Akadeini« der M'i^sen- tcha/ten. 1(KX), i., and Zeitgchrift fur die iieutestameiUlicUe Wiuentchaft und die Kunde det Urchrittentmm, 1900, p. 10.
A. C. Headi.am.
PRISON. — Joseph wa.s imprisoned in an Egyp- tian pri.son (vc? n-j, perhaps ' hou.se of enclosure,' i,e. walled, or ' fortress,' cf. cognate Syriac nmno 'palace,' and Targumic ino 'to go round,' 'sur- round ' ; 6xi<p'^iia, SeffiiuT^piov ; career, custoilia, Gn 39-.«-» 403.8 [jEj. gXio iu 'pit,' EV 'dungeon'; Xdxxot, ixiV^Mo ; lacus, career, Gn 40" 41''' [JE] ; in 40", c-rjsn %■ n-j ' house of the captain of the execu- tioners,' i.e. the guard). ' Fortress ' suggests the use, always common, of fortresses as prisons ; ' house of the captain of the guard ' suggests that the care of prisoners waa one of the duties of that oflicial. Ebers, A^gypten, p. 317 fl'., identities this 'fort- ress' with that at Memphis, mentioned in inscrip- tions as the 'White Wall'; see, further, art. Joseph in vol. ii. p. 708", note ||. In Egypt, in addition to the royal prisons, the great temples had prisons of their own (Erman, Life, etc. p. 304). Imprisonment is mentioned as a penalty ; and the great gold and other mines of Ethiopia and Sinai, which were worked by convicts and cjiptives under conditions of barbarous cruelty, were re.illy vast prisons (Masncro, Daton, etc. 337). Joseph'sbreth- ren are said (Gn 42"->') to have been kept in custody, Tyy'I?, ipvXaK-^.
Samson was imprisoned by the Philistines in a
D"!!3.x.7 n'5 (Kt. 0"!T><) 'house of those who are bound,' ouos toO Sea/xorrripiov, career, Jg 16"'-^. The terms n^-j (n-j), n-^j '2, m'?? 'a ' house of conlinement,' <pv\aK-/i, are used of the places of imprisonment of Micaiah, 1 K 22-'' ; Ho.shea (in Assyria), 2K \'' ; Jehoiachin (in Babylon), 2 K 25^ ; and Jeremiah, Jer 37*' " etc.; al.so in Is 42"-**. Jeremiah's place of confinement is also called .tie? 'place of guard,' 0i;Xoin), career; and tcn n'3, 37'° = on)r,'<n n'3 (see above, Samson). In 2 Ch 16">, Jer 29-'', n'r^rro (.\V ' prison,' 0i;\oK7)), etc., should be 'stocks.' Zedekiah was imprisoned at Babylon in a ^~P^^ n'3 'liouse of inspection,' oUia, tivXun'os, domo cnreeris, Jer 52". Other terms used are ipo 'enclosure,' ixvpatxa, (jiv\aK-fi, etc. career, Ps 142', Is 24-- 42'; if;, rallier 'oppression,' Is 53'; -1-^!? = ' ward, custody,' Gn 42'". 'Prison' is supplied in Is 61'. The case of Samson suggests buildings like the Roman ergn.s- tulum, in which malefactors and slaves were con- Cued and kept at work. Jeremiah's prison was at one time part of the palace, 32-, cf. 37^', I K 22-'', Nell 3^, 2 K 25-'' ; at another a private house, Jer 37". As .til-? in Jer 32- = ' guardhouse,' it seems that the care of prisoners was one of the duties of the body-guard, and that the prisoners were con- fined in rooms attached to their quarters. The ' pit ' (I'la, Jer 38^-", cf. Gn 37=") may have been an empty cistern, or possibly an oubliette.
Our available evidence points to places of conline- ment being parts of palaces, temples, fortresses, etc., rather than special buildings set apart for the purpose. For the crimes punished by con- linement, and the conditions and treatment of prisoners, see Crimes and Punishments in vol. i. p. 525, .?. ' Imprisonment.'
In NT, John the Baptist (Mt 14' etc.), Peter (Ac 5" etc.), Paul and Silas (l(i-^ etc.), and otheis were confined in a tpvKaK-i) ' prison, place of guard- ing'; John (Mt 11-), Paul, etc. (Ac 16=") in a 5(j nijjT-tipiov ' prison,' ' place of bonds.' The apostles (Ac 5^'''-°) Mere confined in the Seaixur-fipiov, also T-fip-riaii (5'") ' place of keeping.' In Ac 12' otKij/xa 'house,' is tr" 'prison.' According to Jos. {Ant. XVIII. v. 2), John was imprisoned at tlie royal fortress of Macluerus. The prison at Jerusalem mentioned in Ac 5 was under the control of the priests, and probably attached to the temple or the high {)riest's palace. Paul was imprisoned in the fort Antonia (Ac 23"') at Jerusalem, in the Praj- toriiim (or Palace) of Herod at Ca'sarea (Ac 23**). At Rome he was .allowed to live in his 'own hired house ' (Ac 2S™), doubtless in charge of a soldier. Before his trial, however, he may have been trans- ferred to prison, perhaps the career specially so called (named in mediieval times Mamertiinis), and consisting of a, larger oblong upjier storey and a smaller circular underground dungeon — the Tulli- anum. This career may ha\e been Paul's place of conlinement in his second imprisonment. Cf. •Career' in Smith's Dii't. of Cl'i.s\i. Antiquities.
On ' the spirits in prison ' of 1 I* 3'" see vol. i. p. 754* and vol. iii. p. 7t)5. W. H. BENNETT.
PRIYY. PRIVILY.— These words, which came into the I'ng. language through the Old Fr. j'rive, have now been displaced (except in some com- pounds) by 'private,' 'privately,' which were taken direct from the Lat. privatii.i, and which are al.so found in AV. Cf. Mk 4-'' Tind. 'There is nothinge so jirevy tlmt shall not bo opened' (AV nothing hid which shall not be manifested'); Jn 7" Tind. 'Then went he also up unto the feast; not openly, but as it were nrevely ' (AV 'in secret'); ErasiiniH, Ex/xi-^ition of the Crcdc, ' By the spirits he doth understand and mcano privye or secrete grace of faytlie' ; More, Utopia, 43, ' Howe should a man, that in no parte of his apparell is like other men, flye prevelie and unknowen !'