B. Apocrypha : — The first aeparate edition of the so-called Apocrj-pha appears to be that of PJantin, Antwerp, 1666, 4* : T« Ta>, Bi^Aioiv tctpat, 6 iiSpaiffTi fjpii\ ci» Imv. This edition has the strange arrangement, that on the first three sheets the leaves are numbered and the lines counted on the margins, on the fol- lowing sheets the pages and the verses. The same arrangement appears in the copies, which have the title : Tu to/, HifiKiajv fxipot, 0 iipaiffTi ypet^iv cix lup'^xirati ; Bihliorvm pars Gr/xca, V'te llebraiee noji injienitnr, Antverpiie, 1684. A third edition, ' cum interpretatione Latina ex Bibliis Complutensibus dep- rompta'(344 pp.), followed in 1612. Oi [sic!] ccvoxpufpt iSifiyci; Libri VT apocrijphi omnes Gr<ece ad exemplar Vaticanum einendatiasiine expressi. Accedit Oralio .Manassis et Prologus incerti auctoris in Eccleaiasticum, Frankfurt, 1694. Later editions are : Halle, 1740, 1708 (Kircher) ; Leijizig, 1767 (Ilein- ecciua); Leipzig, 1804 (Augusti); Oxonii, 1806; Leipzig, 1837 (Apel); London, 1871 (Greek and English); Leipzig, 1871 (Fritzsche ; best edition hitherto).* A part of the Aj^oerypha ia given in Liber Tobias, Jtidith, Oratio Man(tss(F, ^apientia, EccLesiasticus GreRct et Latine, cum dictis Heripturte itarallelis . . . et ad catena Ecctesiastici positum duplex alphabetum etliicum Ben Sira, Frankf. et Lips. 1691.
Tobit:— J. Drusius, Franeker, 1601, 4'; F. H. Reusch, Frel- bur;;, 1870, 4".
Judith:— A. Scholz, Commentar, Wflrzburg, 1887.
Wisdom:— M. Iloberti Ilolkoth . . . in tibrum Sapientia . . . SoUotnonis proelectiones CCXIU. , . . cum inserto Grceco textu . . . [ed. by J. Ilytcrus], 1588, fol. ; Joh. Faber, Coburg, 1601 ; in Greek, Latin, and Armenian, Venice, 1827 ; F. H. Reusch, Frei- burg, 1858 ; W. J. Deane, Oxf., 1881.
Slrach:- Sec article Siracii.
Books of Maccabees:- Aiftffr UasmoneFor^im mii vulgo prior M aceabcKorum Grcece ex editione Itnmana, et Latinet ca interpretatione J. Dnuii, Franeker, 1800 ; Maccabceorum liber I. Greece tec. ex. Vat. . . . recudi curavit P. J. Bruns, Uelmstodii, 1784.
For literature see Urt. 6411., Sw. 171-194.
v. Earlier Hi.story of the Septuaoint.— Much more complicated is the earlier, esjiecially the earliest, history of (5. Of its pre-Curistian
• Other editions in the complete (Polyglot) Bibles of Plantin of 1684 : 1618, 10, 15 ; Aureliu Allobrogorum, 1609 ; ObristiAO Bened. Michoelia, ZullichavitD, 1741, 40 (the latter the only 00m plete Bible in the original languages hitherto existlngji
442
SEPTUAGINT
SEPTUAGINT
times we know next to notliing ; the history of (5 is almost entirely its history in the Church. A Hellenist, Demetnus, who lived, as it seems, under the fourtli Ptolemy, and wrote irepl twv ii> ry 'louSalf /SoffiX^wv,* is the first known to us who used (5. Tlie fragments preserved from other writers, such as Euji'jleiiius, Aristeas (the historian, not the author of nd Philocratem), Ezekiel, Aristobulas, are too small to show more than that these writers Avere acquainted with G. More extensive is the use made of (S in such books as AVisdom (16^ 12» 6'), Sirach, 2 Maccabees (7"), 4 Maccabees (18"), which became afterwards parts of G, or in the Jewish portions of the Sibyllines. In the writinj;s of Philo, which can be traced back only to tlie library of Origen, and have been transmitted to us probably exclusively by Christian copyists, the
?uotations from the Law are very numerous ; those rom the rest of the OT are few ; (juotations from Kuth, Esther, Ecclesiastes, Canticles, Lamenta- tions, Ezekiel, Daniel, are entirely alosent. Yet it is difficult to get a clear impression of the Greek Bible he had before him. This is owing partly to the unsatisfactory state of his text in former editions,t partly to the loose way in which he sometimes quotes the text : it is apparent, how- ever, that already his copy of (5 cannot have been free from errors, t
E(iually unsatisfactory is a comparison of Jo- sephus ; we must rest content with knowing, for instance, that for his description of the Restora- tion he used what is now called the First Book of Esdras (vol. i. of the present work, p. 7G0) ; but as to his relation to our chief MSS of the book we are uncertain. §
Even the New Testament, with its great number of quotations, does not permit of any very definite statements, except that it proves again that textual corruption had already found its way into the copies used by the writers of the NT (cf. He 3' if SoKifi-aa-lf, 12' ivox^i). Even then the situation must have been what is described as existing in his time by Origen— chiefly, it is true, with refer- ence to tlie MSS of the NT, but including also those of (S —
ti{iiffi^s TMt yfl»c<u.i*»n ilri lut't (X7« r»v rm utvrcit d«»«v>T« Ir ryi
This variety of texts, strange as it may appear, is not difficult to account for. (1) G was liable to all the dangers connected with transmission to which literary works were exposed in the days
• In Gn ib^ he had the additional two sons of Dedan In his text, Raguei and Nadbeel, and traced the descent of the wife of Moses to Raguel ; see Eus. frcep. Ev. ix. 29.
f Not only earlier jjivestiprations into the quotations of Philo (Homemann, 1773; Siegfried, 1873), but also the latest and excellent work of 11. E. Ryle (,Philo and Holy Scripture, London, 1895), were >itiat«d at the outset, because even Mangey's edition of Philo proved untrustworthy. To give one exiniplc. What was the nanie of the second book of tne Law in .'hilo's Bible? Ryle says (p. xxii): 'Philo in one passage states that Moses gave to "this book the title •K«><r>.B. . . .^Elsewhere, however, he refers to it by its familiar (jreek name "E^o^ee {f.g. i. 474, 609, 638).' But in all these pass.iges we have now in the edition of Oohn-Wendland (iii. 4, 57, -iiO) the reading 'Ei«5.»>-i!, as offered by the better class of MSS. The poem of Ezekiel was also entitled 'E|«}«y)i, not' E=«J«£.