Slaintive note and unresisting habits of the turtle ove are probably the characteri.stics alluded to by a psalmist, when he pleads that the gentle turtle dove shall not be delivered to the cruelties of the wicked (I's 74"). Its voice is the harhin''er of spring (Ca 2'^). Its migrations are also alluded to (Jer 8'). The above references would ap|)ly equally to any or all of the species. The palm turtle could have been used for sacrifice in the wilderness ; tlio collared turtle would have served in the plains of Moab ; whUe the common turtle would be found in all parts of the land. The common Arab, name for the turtle dove is terghull. It is also called .yuL^ul, dulisl, and fdkhit. There is the usual uncertainty as to the specific value of these names. G. E. Post.
TUTOR.— Gal 4' only, 'The heir ... is under
tutors and guardians,' i.e. as RV, ' under guardians and stewards,' Gr. inrd ivLTpimovs icai oUovS^vi (cf. Lightfoot, ad loc). In its oldest use ' tutor ' (Old Fr. tutcur; Lat. tutor a protector, from tueor to protect) means protector or guardian. Thus Fletcher, Double Marriage, v. 1 — ' I'll have mine own power here, Mine own autbority ; 1 need no tutor.'
The word still has this sense in Scots law : Free- man, Norman Conquest, v. 252, ' The guardian — the tutor in Scottish phrase — of the orphans and their land.' Cf. Knox, Hist. 423, 'Now when we are at our full luaturitie, shall we be brought back to the state of Pupils, and bee put under Tutory?'
J. IIastinqs. TWELVE.— See Number, vol. iu. p. 563'.
TWIN BROTHERS.— See DIOSCUEL
TYCHICUS (TixiKis), classed with Tronhimus as 'katavol, i.e. natives of Asia (Ac 20*). Tliey were, with other disciples, St. Paul's companions in travel from Macedonia as far as to Asia, and preceded him to Troas. Tychicus is mentioned four times in the Epistles of St. Paul. In Eph 6-' '-'^ St. Paul savs, ' That ye also may know ni}- affairs and how I ^o, Tychicus, the beloved brother and faitliful minister in the Lord, shall make known to you all things : whom I have sent unto you for this very purpose, that ye maj' know our state, and that he may comfort your hearts.' He was therefore the bearer of the letter to its destina- tion, whatever that may have been. Tychicus had the same charge entrusted to him by St. Paul, a prisoner at Rome, in carrying the Epistle to the Colossians (4"- *), where he is called, in addition to the titles given above, St. Paul's ' fellow-servant in the Lord.' F'rom 2 "Ti 4" it appears that Tychicus was sent on a second occasion to Ephesus, most prob- ably after St. Paul's first imprisonment at Rome. At this time his old companion Trophimus was close by ' at Miletus sick ' (2 Ti 4'-'"). St. Paul also speaks of sending Tychicus or Artemas to Titus ('Tit 3") to Crete, and says that when he does, Titus is to ' give diligence to come unto him to Nicopolis." lie may have been the other disciple (2 Co 8-'-) with Tro|'ihimu3 (see Trophlmus) w'ho carried the 2nd Epi-tle to the Corinthians from Ejilicsus to Corinth. One tradition makes Tychicus bi^hop of Chalcedon in Bithynia. In the Greek M'-n(iti>gi/ (Dec. 9) he is said to have been bishop of Coloplioii after Sosthenes, and to have sufl'erea martyraom for the Christian faith.
II. A. Redpath.
TYRANNUS C^vpawot) is mentioned only in Ac 19". When St. Paul, after spending three months in addressing himself to the Jews of Ephesus, using the synagogue for his place of preaching, found them determinedly hostile, he witlidrew his adherents from the synagogue and began ' reason- ing daily iu the school of Tyrannus (KaB' r)iUpa,v Sia\€y6tM€vot iv T-p oxo^i l^vpdvvov). The passage is enigmatical in its extreme brevity ; but it may have been addressed to readers who were more familiar with the situation than we are.
The word crx"^'). rendered ' school ' in AV and RV, means leisure, and is frequently aiiplied to the learned leisure of the conteiiiphitive or philo- BOjihic life as contrasted with the life of politics or business ; bonce it is frequently used to denote the written treatises produced iii the philosopher's cultured leisure, or the lessons or lectures which he gives to pupils ; and, finally, it is often applied, as here, to the place or building or room in which such lessons were given. Some such locality, already used for lecturing or teaching, was pro-
' Thin wu previous to th« writing of the ioi Epistle to
Timuthy.
622
TYKANNUS
TYRANNUS
cured for the use of St. PaiU when the synagogue ceased to be suitable. When we attempt to go beyond this, we find that the difficulties are many. The very reading is uncertain ; and tlie dill'erence is of the utmost importance for the sense.
( 1 ) The reading which we have quoted follows the te.'kt of the great MSS NAB (supported by many secondary authorities). It might be possible that the writer should designate in this bare way a school which belonged to a private individual, Tyrannus, otherwise unmeutioned in the work, and necessarily obscure to all except his own contem- poraries in Ephesus. A case which presents a remarkable analogy occurs in Juvenal, vU. 40, where a rich patron puts at the disposal of his humble poet-friend ' the house of Maculo ' (J/ftt «- lonis cBiIes),' a disused house iu a remote part of Kome, which for some reason was faiiiUiar to tlie Koman public whom Juvenal addressed. But the illustration proves that this meaning cannot be accepted in Ac 19'. There is not the remotest probability that the writer of Acts was addressing an Ephesian audience, to whom ' the school of Tyrannus,' an obscure place belonging to a private person, was familiar. The only other possible interpretation of this text is that ' the school of Tyrannus ' was a public building in Ephesus, wliieh could thus be described by its stereotyped name.t It would then be necessary to understand that St. Paul, as a teacher of a new philosophy, lectured publicly in this building. It is well known that philosophical teachers commonly gave lectures or held discussions in this public fashion in buildings or localities freely open to the whole population, as Socrates and St. Paul held disputations in the Athenian agora, as tlie Stoics lectured in the Stoa Poekile and the Academics in the Academy. The custom is in keeping with the extreme openness and publicity of life in Greece or Italy, which was iucli that a schoolmaster is represented in a Pompeian wall-painting as holding classes in the open forum. Habitual use of a public building could hardly be made except with permission granted by the city or the magistrate charged with surveillance of the building (probably the aqoranomos, corresponding to the Latin OBcHlis). rJow, although St. Paul was evidently regarded not unkindly by mao:istrates and leading men in Ephesus (cf. Ac 19^'-^'), yet it would be surprising that he should be accorded such formal public recognition ; and it seems quite out of harmony with the general character of Pauline teaching that he should have accepted such a position, for recognition by a public otlicial or body implies some submission to conditions and sacrifice of freedom. St. Paul's address to the Ephesian elders is far from suggesting any such legalized method of addre-ss during the period of his Ephe- sian ministry (Ac 20'*"'''). Hence the almost unani- mous opinion of scholars has rightly rejected the view that Tyrannus' school was a public building. Yet it seems necessary in that case also to reject the reading of NAB, etc. (adopted in UV), and return to the text of 'Western' type which ap- pears in AV.