vi. TvuK AND Israel. — In the partition of the kingdom of Israel under Joshua, the stronghold of Tyre is mentioned in connexion with the portion of Asher (Jos 19'-"). The most intimate connexion between Ty'''' '^"'^ Israel was in the time of Hiram and Solomon, wlicn a covenant of friendship was entered into in connexion with the building of the temple (2 S 5", 1 K 5' 7"- " 9"- ", 1 Ch 14' 22', 2 Ch 2^- "• "• "). Amos (!»• '») complains that this covenant * was shamefully violated by the Tyrians when they sold Israelite captives as common slaves. In the prophecies of Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel, the pride, luxury, and greed of Tyre are denounced
* For & different interpretation of the * covenant of brothers ' gee Driver, Joel and Amm, p. 137.
(Is 23'-", Jer 25" 27^ 47*, Ezk 26. 27. 28. 29). In the Psalms, the daugliter of Tyre with her costly gift stands in the retinue around the throne (45'-), its inhabitants are mentioned among the sworn enemies of Israel (83'), and again Tyre is num- bered among those who are brought to know the Lord (87''). The beautiful scenery of Ephraim ia likened to that of Tyie (Hos 9'^;, .-ind in Zee 9^ the astuteness of the Tyrians is alluded to.
In the NT its people are among those who flock to Galilee to see and hear Christ (Mk 3', Lk 6"). Christ visited its coasts (Mt 15-', Mk 7" [where see Swete's note]), and declared that its people, if favoured like the cities of Galilee, woidd have been moved to repentance (Mt 11'-'-'-, Lk 10'^-"). The incident of reconciliation with Herod, recorded in Ac 12-°, reveals in its motive and management tlie artfulness of the Phoenician trader. Finally, in Ac 2P- ' the ship in which St. Paul sailed to Syria comes to Tyre to discharge its cargo.
vii. Tyre and Babylon. — In the early years of the Bab. empire, Tyre was left at peace, and its connexion with Egypt was more closely estab- lished. When it became evident that Babylon was to tread in the path of Assyria, the Phoenician cities Gebal, Zidon, and others with them, laid aside their locaf jealousies and sought to strengthen Tyre to defy the invader (Ezk 27*). After the famous battle of Carchemish, in which Nebuchad- nezzar defeated Pharaoh-neco in 605, Tyre was be- sieged for 13 years (cf. Jos. Ant. x. xi. 1). The issue of this siege is somewhat unceitain (see Expos. Times, x. 378, 430, 475, 520). The prophet Ezekiel seems to imply at least that the island was not given up to plunder, but the Divine purpose was fuUilled in punishing the unrighteous princes and the proud kin^ of Tyre (Ezk 28'^ 29"--»). A time of anarchy and unrest followed, in which the city discarded for a time its monarchical form of government. Gradually order was restored, pro- sperity returned, and the allegiance to Babylon re- mained unbroken to the end or that dynasty in 538. viii. Tyre and Persia. — The cond'ition of Tyre under the Persians was better than it had been under the Assyrians and Babylonians. Persia required the help of the Phoenician fleet in attack- ing Egypt and repressing the rising Macedonian empire. When after B.C. 400 the power of Persia showed signs of decay, the Phoenician cities re- belled ; but when Zidon was reduced to ashes by Ochus in 351, Tyre surrendered without a siege. During the Persian dynasty it is related, to the credit of Tyre, that its fleet refused to convey the array of Cambyses against Carthage on account of blood-kinship, and thus an expedition was averted that might have influenced the destinies of Rome, ix. Tyre and the Macedonians. — The greatest event in the history of Tyre was its capture by Alexaniler in B.C. 332 after a siege of seven months. Much ingenuity and courage were displayed on both sides. Help was expected from Carthage, Persia, Cyprus, Zidon, but in vain. It was Tyre's darkest day when Alexander was seen bearing down from the north with a large fleet chiefly col- lected from Phoenician ports and old rivals. It was the hre from the midst of her that had come to devour a city that claimed admiration and obedience, but did not ask to be loved. The mole ^\■as completed with ease, when the harbour was thus blockaded ; and in the taking of the city 6000 are said to have perished by the sword, 2000 were crucified, and 30,000 women, children, and slaves were sold. Yet within the brief space of 18 years Tyre was repeopled and refortilied, and was able to oiler a strong but inetlectual resistance to Antigonus. About 287 it again became an Egyp- tian possession, till in 198 it fell to the Seleucidie, and, with the exception of a brief interval (83-69)
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of Armenian rule, it remained under its Syrian governors till in 65 it passed quietly into the Koman empire, receiving the status of a free city. In the 4th cent. A.D. Jerome refers to Tyre as a beautiful city and ' an emporium for the commerce of the whole world.' It was made the seat of a bislioprie, and had two such talented but widely- diHerent citizens as Origen and Porphyry. Later on, it was taken bj' the Saracens in tlie 7th cent., recovered by the Crusaders in 1124, to fall ayain into the hands of the Saracens in 1291. After relapsing for a time into the possession of Egypt, with minor intervals of Dnize and Venetian con- trol, it ceased to exist as maritime Tyre and be- came an Arab village.