Few sites in the historical East present such an all'ecting and instructive record of persistent struggle, splendid achievement, and irretrievable doom. By her ilestined pathway of commerce Tyre exerted upon the world an intluence that ranks
with that of Jerusalem in religion, Athens in philo- sophy, and Rome in government. But to-day the steamers on tlie Syrian coast that call at tlie Bay of Acre and Zidon consider Tyre too insignificant to deserve a visit. After having been the niothet of colonies and mistress of the seas, bearing her mercliandise into otherwise unvisiled lands and adjusting the supply and demand of the world. Tyre is now content at the close of her career to be a stagnant village in stagnant Turkey.
LiTERATtTRB. — Thomson, Land and the Book; Robinson, HRP (Index) ; Rawlinson, liigt, of Fhcenicia, and Phoenicia in ' Stor>* of the Nations'; Kenrick, Phuniciai Movers, Vie Phonizier \ art. PudNiciA in present worlc (i. M. MaCKIE.
. TZADE (V).— The eighteenth letter of the Heb. alphabet, and as such employed in tlie 119th Psalm to designate the 18th part, each verse of which begins with tliis letter. It is transliterated in this Dictionary by f.
u
UCAL (S:x).— Mentioned only in Pr SO". In AV and RV the word is treated as a proper name. It is, however, of an unusual form, and there are other objections to the rendering. A slightly diti'erent reading (see RVm) would give the mean- ing, 'I have wearied myself and am consumed' (LXX Kdl vauoiuu). See Ithiel, and cf. Lag. adloc.
UEL (SwN ; BA OMiK, Luc. 'lu^X).— One of the sons of Bani who had married a foreign wife, Ezr 1(P' ; called in 1 Es 9" JUEL.
UKNAZ. — For nji?< in 1 Ch 4" AVm gives 'Uknaz' instead of 'even Kenaz' (AV) or 'and Kenaz' (RV). In all probability something haa dropped out of tlie text, which had read originally ' tlie sons of Elah : . . . and Kenaz.' This is favoured by the plural sons. An alternative is to drop the i, with LXX (nal i/!oi 'A6d- Kev^f) and Vulg. (Filii quoque Ela: Cenez), and read simply Kenaz (ijj).
ULAI CW, Theod. Oi'/SdX, LXX Oi-Xol).— The classical Eulajus, now the Knrun. It flowed past Susa or Sliuslian, and Assurbanipal states that in the battle fought outside that city between the Assyrians and the Elamites, the Ula (or Ulai) was clioked with the bodies of the slain. In Dn 8'^ " it is similarly described as flowing past Shushan. The Eula;us is also called Pasitifjris by the classical geographers, and Pliny (II N vi. 27) says that it surrounded the citadel of Su.sa. But the rivers of Susiana have so changed their cliannels since the cla.ssical epoch as to make their identification with the present rivers of the country somewliat difficult. It would seem, however, that what are now the Upper Kcrkhah and the Lower KarOn were formerly a single stream (see SllU.snAN). A cuneiform tablet ((('.4/11. 51. .■!2) describes the Ulft as ' the water wliich carries its treasures into tlie <leep' (but see Driver on Dn 8", and Dieulafoi, as cited p. 128 n.). A. H. Savce.
ULAH (niiiK).— 1, The eponym of a Manassite family, 1 Ch 7"- " (BA Oi/XdM [B om. in v."], Lue. HXd^). 2. A Benjamite family, specially noted as archers, 1 Ch 8*" (B Ai\dM, klXiln ; A both times OiXiit). Benjamite archers appear also in 2 Ch 14' W.
DLFILAS' VERSION.- See VERSIONS (Gothic).
DLLA (Nyy,; BA 'n\d, Luc. om.). — The eponym of an Asherite "family, 1 Ch 7™.
UMMAH An Asherite city, Jos lO"". There
can be little doubt, however, that the MT nsi; here is a slip for isi' Acco (cf. Jg 1") ; so, following certain MSS of the LXX ('Akkw, 'Akku^), Dillmann, Bennett, Kautzsch, Oxf. Ueb. Lex. etc.
UNCLEAN, UNCLEANNESS.*—
L Orig^in of tlie ditjtinction between Clean and Unclean. iL Four main tyjiea o( Uncleaiiness ; connected with (a) the functions of reproduction ; (&) food ; (c) leprosy ; (.d) death. UL Uncleannees and RituaL iv. Uncleanness in NT.
Literature,
i. Origin of the Distinction between Clean AND Unclean. —The distinction between clean and nncleun is to be found as far back as we are able to trace the history of the reli;;ion of Israel, The validity of Rachel's excuse to her father when seeking the teraphini (Gn 31" E) rested on the un- cleanness of luT condition ; and 8aul, in spite of hia insane suspicion of David, yet reco^^nizes that he may be detained from the feast of the new moon by ceremonial delilcment (1 S 12U-^). The division 01 Israelites into ' those shut up and left at large,' indicates how frequent uncleanness was if those -
• This article doals only with the ceremonial Idea of unclean- ness, not with the ethical or relig^ious. The Ueb. verb K^p, with the noun nxpo or ni<::p and adj. NfTp, is commonly used to express this idea. The notion of profanation or pollution is conveyed by the verb "j^ri, which also means ' to make common ' ; the corresponding noun is Sa The late verb 7\<y is rare in this sense. Cleanness 1b expressed by the verb inp, its noun n"jnp, and odj. ninip. These words may further express the idea of purification, for which the Fiel and Hithpael of K^n are also used. The Greek word (or uncleannews, anutOetpffigt, is used In tlie NT, except in Mt 23^, in an ethical sense only, and the adj. «iiuttiKfiTt( is used in the Gospels exclusively of unclean spirits, and In the Epp. in an cthicAl sense. It is used of ceremonially unclean birds in Rev 182, and, coupled with jui*if, 'common,' \a used of ceremonially unclean food in Ac 10'*- 28 us. Cere- monial delilement Is expressed by the verb wj»««, *to make common,' and it« adj. ««<*«c (Mt 16, Mk 7, Ac 10. 11. 21"^, Ko 14", Rev '^I'/T), and once (Jn 18*0 I'y f^^ci^m. For Che idea of purill'-iition the verb MmBxptlt^, wilh the noun Jtm¥afiirfi^ and a4lj. jutV^/tcf, and the verb a>*iC«i with its noun kyytrpUct are used.