j In Mt 243' ' in GriBcis et maxinie Adamantii et PierU exemplaribus' ; in Gal 3' 'in exemplaribus Adamantii' (=Ori- genis).
5 Rules o/ Ti/conitu, Cambr. 1894, p. cviii.
II Westcott and Hort, Introduction, p. 206 ; Robinson, Eutha- liana, p. 42 f., Cambr. 1895; Berger, i/w(. de la Vulgate, eK. p. 357.
II e.g. Mt '27" omission of vid*nta or ofpu^entet^niifti"" lifSroj SOU); jr. g, I, who Join in the omission, are mixed text» with a larire Vulgate element in them ; cf. Mk C" omission of oAiCTW («iriA8«.) with I ; 10« om. in vobitwith I ; Lk »" m eordibua vestrii against the Gr. lU rk Zrct vf^Siv and the Old Lat. ; 22S5 erat petrus against the Gr. ixilhr* i x. and the Old LaU tcdebat : Jn 72* KC hierosoUjmis with c ff, apaiiist the Gr. •» ri. iVwsXouiiTi. and the Old Lat. ; 837 fail against the Gr. rttflM and the Old Lat. semen ; 2116 aminos meoi against Oil Or. Ti »f<i^«ii I.UU and the Old. Lat. oves meat.
VULGATE
VULGATE
883
15, ns occurring ' in quibusdam cxemplaribus et maxinie in gr;vcis codicibus' ;' (2) the discussion on Jn 10'" in the Commentary on Ezk 46, wliere Jerome says, ' ct Jiet unum atrium et U7ijis pastor: hoc enim graece aiSij signiticat, quod latina sim- plicitas in ovile transtulit ' ; all existing Greek MSS read not au\-n but irolfivr) here, and the Old Latin have un ua (or vna) grcx. The careful student will detect other cases ; but enough has been given, we believe, to make it clear that Jerome's Greek MSS were partly of the tj-pe so highly esteemed by Hort, partly of a type which has since dis- appeared.
The other books of the NT may be more sum- marily considered. In the Acts of the Apostles, the oldest MSS, such as .Vniiatinus and (less fre- quently) Fuldensis, agree in text with NB and AC ;t in the Epistles, the revision was much more hasty, and very possibly was made with but sliglit, though with some, regard to the Greek ; X such is also the opinion of Dr. C. R. Gregory, § who says of the work outside the Gospels, ' Ceteri vero Novi Testa- menti libri annis ut videtur proximis vel etiam proximo anno recensiti non tam diligenter emen- dati sunt; recensio horura textus nova vix pr;eliet novas lectiones e Graico ductas sed solas elocu- tiones politiores atque cultiores Latinas.'
The textual criticism of the Vulgate NT is one of the most complicated problems facing modern schohvrs. The reader will, liowever, have gained from the section above on the history of Jeromes translation after his own death, a fair amount of information as to the relative value of different groups of M.SS. The vast majority of 13th and 14th cent. MSS may be put aside as comparatively worthless, and it would be easy enough for any student to compile — say from the Oxford edition of tlie Gospels — a list of readings the presence of which in a late MS would bo quite sutticicnt evidence that it was only reproducing the current and valueless mediajval type of text. He will also have learnt the interest of the MSS con- taining the Theodullian recension, the very varied types of text presented by the Alcuinian Bibles, and the mixture of Frendi and Irish elements in the 8th anil 9tli cent. MSS, written in France by Irish or Nortliumbrian scribes. It is not very hard, therefore, to arrange our MSS in groups, as has been done in the lists at the end or this article ; but to go further and apply to them a genealogical as well as a geograpiiical classifica- tion is what the present writer at any rate has not yet found himself able to do. Tlie grounds on which in the Gospels the early Northumbrian MSS sudi as AAS\, the (ith cent. Fuldensis (F), and Ambrosianus (M), ami tlio lirst hand of the Hubertianus (H*), have been preferred to other MSS, have been set forth at some length in tlie Epiliiifus to the Oxford edition of the Gospels (pp. 7U8-T32). F and M are two of the earliest exist- ing Vulgate MSS ; and the whole group seems to oiler strong internal evidence of jireserving a pure type of text. The 'MSS forming it show less trace than others of mixture from Old Latin sources ; they agree more closely with the Greek text of KBL, luid we have seen it to be probable that
* It runs : * Postca quuno occubuisscnt unrlccira appnniit eifl icBus ct cxjirobravit incrudulitateni et duritiam ciinlis eoruin quia his qui vidcrant euni rcsur^'cntcin non crt-di. derunt. Kt ilti satisfociebant dicentet) 8<ec)iluin istud iniquiutia et incredulitatis subatantia {Cod. Vat, aub satana) eat quuj lion sinil per imraundoa spiritus veram dei apprehendi virtutcin. Idcirco Jam nunc revela Justitiaiu tuaro' ; cf. Itcscb, Agrajtha, p. <r>0 (fu V. 4).
\ See especially Blaga, Acta Ajiotlolamm, Gottingen, 1895,
p. a.
t I'or the Romans see Sanday-Ueadlam (Intemalional Critical CommerUarri), p. Ixvl
} In the third volume (Prolegomena) to TiacheDdorr* Somun Tut. Gract, ed. 8, Leipz. 1804, p. u;i.
.Jerome partly modelled his revision on MSS of this type ; tin y are free from the numerous small additions, amijlilications, conllations, etc. which are commonly found in Later MSS, and may fairly be regarded as the marks of a degenerate text even when they are found in an early MS, such as the Harley Gospels (Z). Yet all the MSS of the Vulgate NT are so spoiled by mixture, that it is impos-sible to select one MS or group and follow its readings throughout. Thoie are cases both in the Gospels and in the Acts where one group must be clearly followed in one verse and as clearly rejected in the next, there are others where an obvious clerical error, or a conflate reading, has been perpetuated in every known Vulgate MS ; no MS or group seems to preserve a consistent type of text. Still there is here an excellent oppor- tunity for the student ; and it may be possible in time to do for the MSS of the Vulg.ate something analogous to what Wcstcott and Hort have done for the MSS of the Greek text.