14 1.; l!fr_ L ■.,;■■■ • - ' . w-
L, -ii , Lui.l, i.r,4 /* 150; Conder,
1, Waiideraiujeii'^, 161-169; he
-194, 204-207; Sanda.v, Sacred
neuteet. JEmmaus, 1865 ; Guille-
r.uselU, L'EviiiMus evaiif/dicu,
■--■■< 'Irlla l;<lrst!na, 1SS9,
■;. '-. I. ,.'.■.,».,?„>■ Eimnmix ilex
-. ^i>t 11.1,1 w^Lsesnicht
1 , /'- ux '/ihsiivit.-^ d'archeo-
: , /'.. Eunnaus-Fraae, 1905;
d Li'kas, l;)u.^, p. 623 f. ; see also
le Coimu. on St. Luke, ad loc.,
LUCIEN Gautier.
ENDURANCE.— The active qualities of persever- ance and persistence, never absent from the biblical notion of endurance, form, in effect, the substance of the art. Activity, and need not be considered here. The passive aspect suggests an inquiry as to —
1. The causes of those trials which Christ had to endure. — Of (a) supernatural causes (1) the first, an all-inclusive cause, was the Divine will ( Jn 10'*), recorded beforehand in OT Scriptures (Mt 26^', Mk 14-1, Lk 22" 24=5'-), and referred to constantly by Christ in words of resignation (Mt 26*=, Lk 10=i), often under the figure of a 'cup' (Mt 20- 26»>, Jn 18"). (2) A second supernatural cause (under Divine permission) appears in the agency of Satan, acting both directly, in temptation and opposition (Mt 43a- 13=9, Lk 10'8), and also oftener indirectly, through the weakness (Mt 16^, Lk 22^') and wicked- ness (Lk 22==^ Jn 6™ 8" 13=) of men. These two causes, whether expressly referred to or not, are undoubtedly to be regarded as factors never absent (see Jn 19" and also 12=' 14^ 16", where the title 'prince of this world' is significant in this con- nexion).
(b) Internal causes (supernatural also, in a different sense) were not wanting. (1) The pro- phetic mission of Christ (Jn 12"^ 18^') made suffering and death morally inevitable at the hand of man (Lk 4^ 11«'- 13*"-, Jn 7'), light and darkness being essentially opposed (Jn 3'"'; of., for illustration, a remarkable passage in Plato, Eep. vii. 517 B, where a similar inevitability is declared even in the case of Socrates). (2) The revelation of His Divine nature, implied in His relationship to the Father's Being (Jn 5'* 8^ lO**"-) and prero.'atives (Mt 9^ Lk 7-'8f-) was bound to provoke deadly hostility in un- believing Jews (Mt 26", Jn 19'). It is at the same time clear, from Christ's anxiety to avoid publicity (Mt 12'«, Mk 7*^ 8-s etc.) and needless offence (Mt 17-'), that persecution and death were not courted by Him.
(c) The external causes were more complex. (1) Many trials arose from the imperfections of His disciples ; their dulness (Mk 8'="^ 9^=, Lk 24=»), spiritual powerlessness (Mt 17"^'-), false zeal (Mt IS'^ 16^, Mk ff«, Lk 9»'), mistaken aims (Mk 9* 1035ff-, Lk 22=*), and discreditable falls (Mt 26=«, Mk U™"-, Lk 22-"'). But (2) most arose from Christ's
ENDUEANCE
ENEMIES
517
rejection by ' His own ' (Jn 1", Mt 23=", Mk 12«"-, Jn 5" 19'^) from motives (whieli He well perceived, Mt 9^ 12-•^ Mk 9-°'-, Lk &, Jn 2-'') of fear (Mt 8", Jn 12«'- 19'-), policy (Jn 11*'-, I\Ik 15"*), gain (Mt 26'"; Mk 10'--', Lk 16"), envy (Mt 2P» 27'», Jnl2'»), and hate (Lk 19''', Jn 7' lo'"---') ; a rejection char- acterized in its display by indifference (Lk M'""-), ingratitnde (Lk 17'"-, Jn 5'^), contradiction (Jn 8"), insult (Mt 10-" 12-^ Mk 15-'-, Lk 7** 22«= 23", Jn 8« S'--'), treachery (Lk 1P= 20-" 22«), injustice (Mk 14»'-, Jn ig-"-"'"-"'), violence (Lk 4=«-, Jn 8=9 W), brutality (Lk 22«, Jn lO'-^ etc.), and death (Jn 19'8). 2. Home features oi Christ's endurance are vitally connected with fundamental doctrines of His person and work. (1) It was voluntary. Of this the em- phatic statement in Jn 10"'- leaves no doubt. Such an utterance may be hard to parallel, but pru- dence would almost make it so ; and the expres- sions used in Lk 9=', Jn 1^'- 8-' 13=' seem to speak of a course equally sjiontaneous ; indeed, in one case (8='^) a voluntary {i.e. a suicide's) death is actually suggested as their meaning ! (2) It was perfect, [a] tjnder suffering : for His spirit, words, and demeanour were admittedly supreme examples of His own teaching, e.g. upon submission (Jn 18-='-, Mt 5="), retaliation (Lk'6==22='), and love to enemies (Mt 5*"-, Lk 23=^). (6) Under temptation : other- wise it would be inexplicable that Christ should have urged repentance a-s a first essential for otliers (Mt 4" 11™'- 21=«"-, Lk 5=2 13= 15, etc.), whereas He afforded no example of it in His own case. On the contrary, He laid claim to sinlessness both nega- tively (Jn 14=") and positively (8="), as unchallenge- able (8"*). An intuitive perception of His sinless- ness appears in the self-abasing awe of a few good men (Mt 3'^, Lk 5*) more convincingly than in the ambiguous testimony of many other observers (Mt 27'-;», Lk 23"", Jn 19^ etc.). (3) It was human. Christ's capability of human .suffering is beyond (juestion. No mention, indeed, is made of sickness in the ordinary sense ; perhaps it is excluded ; but all other bodily needs and infirmities were shared by Him (Mt 4- 8-"- -* 21'«, Jn 4'"- I9=»). The emo- tions of His mind (Mk 3' 7=* lO''', Lk 19"', Jn 11=^) and spirit (Lk 10", Jr. 11== 13'-') were evident from their outward traces, as well as from His own statements (Mt 15*=, Lk 22'», Jn 11'"). On two occasions He referred to those of His soul (Jn 12-', Mk 14^*). That this cajjability of suffering was not counteracted by the exercise of miraculous [Hjwer is proved by Iflis reference to His ' tempta- tions ' (Lk 22^), by His prediction of sufferings on the part of His disciples similar generally to His own (Mk 10=«'-), by the shrinking of His human will (Mt 26="- «, Lk 12™, Jn 12"), by His refusal to allay His own liunger miraculously (Mt 4='-), or to lessen His torments even by ordinary means (Mk IS'"), by His craving for the .support of human sympatliv (Mk l4-«"-). and liy His reliance above all els.. ii|H.ii til.. Fnthpr's |.rrsenrc (.In H-' 1(5==) and the spiiiin.-il Mipp.nt iif pruyrr (Lk li"-^ (jih. -h , p 22-" etc.). A~iii:iii II. ■nut tciii].(:itiiin(Mt 4<),iindover- cainc l.y laitli i-... .In ll-"'-, Mt -Jl''-. and also the import.inl .Npn'ssi,],, ■ ,„y C.,,!, M t ■27'"', Jn 20").