who refused Him a passage through their country (Lk 9=^; cf. Mk ^, Lk 9"-»). James is specially mentioned as present at the healing of Peter's wife's mother (Mk 1-'), at the raising of Jairus' daughter (Mk 5^), at the Transfiguration (Mk 9=), at the :Mount of Olives during the great ' eschato- logical' discourse (Mk 13^), and at the agony in the Garden of Gethsemane (Mk 14^). On two of these occasions, the first and the fourth, Andrew is associated with the three ; but on all the others, Peter, James, and John are alone with Christ. The special favour accorded to the two brothers (and perhaps their kinship to Jesus) probably prompted the ambitious request of Salome that they might sit as assessors to Him in His kingdom (Mk lO^'-'", Mt 20-"-^). James was called upon to ' drink the cup ' of suftering (Mk 10^- *") first of all the Apostolic band, being beheaded by Herod Agrippa I. in A. P. 44 (Ac 12=). An untrustworthy tradition represents him as preaching the gospel in Spain, of which country he is patron saint. Eusebius {HE ii. 9) relates, on the authority of Clement of Alexandria, that, when he was tried for his life, his accuser was so greatly affected by his constancy that he declared himself a Christian, and died with him after obtaining his forgiveness and blessing. See, further, Hastings' DB ii. 541.
3. James the son of Alphseus, one of the Twelve (Mt 10^ Mk 31s, Lk 6'^ Ac 1^^). In each list he stands at the head of the third group along with Simon Zelotes (with whom he is coupled by St. Luke), Judas of James ( = Thaddteus, Avith whom he is coupled by Mt. and Mk.), and Judas Iscariot. The Gospels tell us nothing more about him, but he was most likely a brother of Matthew, who also was a ' son of Alpha^us ' (cf. Mt Q** with Mk 2'''). He has been identified with (4) and (5) ; but the probabilities seem to the present writer to be against the former identification, while the latter is almost certainly wrong.
i. James 6 yaixpis § (Mk 15^»; cf. Mt 27=^ Jn 19=»). He is mentioned as the son of a Mary, probably the wife of Clopas, one of the four women, of whom the other three were Mary the Lord's mother, Mary Magdalene, and Salome, present at the cruci- fixion. This ^lary, with Mary Magdalene, re-
* The usual order is ' James and John.' St. Luke sometimes inverta it (8^1 92^, Ac 113), probably because of the early death of James and the subsequent prominence of John.
t He had 'hired servants' (Mk 120). His wife was one of those who ministered to Christ 'of their substance' (Mk 15-", Lk 83).
' " ■- - ■ ^,j narrative refers to the
" "■•') ilk. is not easy to
and other commen-
'.rc-swell,etc.,inthc
■nat. Crit. Com.) is
:l ition of the Markan
-1- '. The characteristic
(1) tliere is no mention of
Peter is the prominent figure ; (3)
X The question whether 1
A. Wriglit r. _ with that Umi
Zebedee ; (2) !
P there is no command to follow Christ ; (4) the fishermen washing (not casting or mending) their nets ; (5) there miraculous draught of fishes. § St. Jerome'
■endering minor (Vulg. Maria Jacobi minoris)^
JAMES
JEALOUSY
847
mained to see where Jesus was buried. She had another son Joseph. Those who identify this James with (3) argue that Alpha>us ('AX^aios, 'S^n) andClopas (KXai?ras)ai-e twofonnsof thesamename (Meyer, Alford). Philologically this is improbable. Tlie extant Syriac Versions render 'AlpliEeus'by Chalpai, while ' Clopas ' is rendered by Kleopha. Nor can it be said to be absolutely certain that Tl ToO KXtoTo, of Jn 19-'* means the wife of Clopas. It may mean ' daughter of Clopas.' And it is unlikely that St. Mark would describe James the son of Alphceus by a new designation, James 'the Little' (in stature).* Moreover, it is hard to .see why St. John, writing for readers acquainted with the Synoptic Gospels, should introduce into his Gospel the name Clopas if he meant Alphreus. On the whole, therefore, we must conclude with Ewald (Hist, of Israel, vi. 305, note 4) that the identification is unlikely.t Of this James we know nothing further.
S. James the Lord's brother. He is mentioned by name twice in the Gospels (Mt 13=', Mk 6=). He is the eldest of four brothers, James, Joseph, Judas, and Simon (Simon and Judas, Mt 13'^). Other references to the Brethren of the Lord are found in Mt 12^'^, ISIk 33'-^ Lk »^-"-\ Jn 7' ^ From these passages we learn that they thought Him mad, and opposed His work. St. John tells us plainly that His brethren did not believe in Him.
The following passages outside the Gospels have to do with this James: 1 Co 15', Ac 1'^ 12" 15 (passim) 21i'-2=, Gal !"• " 2>-"' ; Jos. Ant. XX. ix. 1 ; Eusebius, HE ii. 1 (quotation from Clement of Alexandria), ii. 23 (quotation from Hegesippus), vii. 19 ; Jerome, de Vir. Hliis. (quotation from the Gospel according to the Hebrews) ; Clementine Homilies (ad init.) ; Apostolic Constitutions, viii. 35. From these passages we learn that he was converted to a full acknowledgment of Christ (probably by the Resurrection), that the Lord appeared to him specially, that he became head of the Church of Jerusalem, and that he was put to death by the Jews either just before the siege (Hegesippus) or some ten years earlier (Josephus). He was sur- named the Just by his fellow-countrymen, and was greatly respected by all clas-ses in Jerusalem.