The Epistle bearing his name, which is almost universally attributed to the brother of the Lord, is of the greatest interest to students of the Gospels. There is no Epistle which contains in a small compass so many allusions to the teaching of Christ subsequently contained in the Gospels as we have them. The following list includes all the more striking parallels : Mt 5'- '• "■ "■ -■ '"''■''' = Ja 25. 1331812.19512. Mt6"'-2-' = ,Ja5=4^; Mt 7'- '-'■'=•""* = Ja 4"-'2 P 2" 3"- '- 1" (all these are from the Sermon on the Mount). Cf. also Mt 12'" with Ja 31-2, Mt 18" with Ja 4« ; Lk 6=^ = Ja 5' ; Lk 12"'-=i = Ja 4" ; Lk 8'^ 21'^ (mofiovr], used by Lk. only in the Gospels) = Ja P- •< 5" ; Jn 3' = Ja 1"; Jn 8*-3' = Ja 1^ ; Jn 13" = Ja 4".$ On these passages it may be remarked (1) that, while some of the parallels may be explained as coincidences, there remain others which even Renan (l' Antichrists, p. 54) admits to be reminiscences of the words of Jesus; (2) that the evidence is cumulative, and includes correspondence in teaching (e.g. on riches, formalism, prayer) as well as in language ; (3) that the most striking p.arallels are with the Gospel according to St. Matthew, and with the earlier parts of that, sug- gesting the possibility that James may at first
* fuxpi! may also mean 'young' (Deissmann, Bible Studies, Eng. tr. 144).
t Ewald, however, identifies Clopas with Cleopas (a Greek name), Lk 2418.
I Fuller lists will he found in Mayor, Epistle of St. James (ind ed.), Ixxxv-lxxxviii ; Salmon, Introduction to NT, 456 (5th ed.) ; Zahn, EinleituTig, i. p. 87 ; Knowling, St. James, xxi-xxiii.
have been a hearer of our Lord, and making it fairly certain that he was acquainted with the special Matthiean 'source.'
A second point to be noticed is that the Epistle of James is clearly the work of one trained in the strict observance of the Law, while at the same time his obedience to it is the obedience of zealous love, as far removed as possible from the Pharisaic formalism denounced by our Lord (Ja 1^^"" 2*-''' 45-7 gio. 11) Both in his case and in that of St. Paul, although they developed on somewhat different lines, the Law was a TraiSayuyb^ eh Xpiarbv. This view of the training of James, and consequently of our Lord his Brother, is confirmed by the Gospels. The names of the four brothers, James, Joseph, Simon ( = Simeon), and Jude (=Judah), are those of patriarchs. The parents are careful to observe the Law in our Lord's case (Lk 2---''-*- ^- '"•■'2).
The Western Church, in regarding James the Lord's brother as identical with James the son of Alphseus, seems to have been influenced by the authority of Jerome, who, in replying to Helvidius (circa 383 A.D.), urges that, as James the Lord's brother is called an Apostle by St. Paul (Gal 1'*- "), he must be identified with James the son of Alphajus, since James the son of Zebedee was dead ; and, further, that he was our Lord's first cousin. (Jerome does not identify Alpliseus with Clopas). But it may be observed (1) that Jerome himself seems to have abandoned this view (Ep. cxx. ad Hedibiam); (2) that ade\-p6s never = d>'£i^i6s in the NT ; (3) that James the brother of the Lord is always distinguished from the Twelve (Jn 2'^, Ac 1" ; cf. Mt 12"-™) ; (4) that ' His brethren did not believe in him ' ( Jn 7'- °) ; (5) that the word a.ir6(rTo\ot, on which Jerome relies, is not confined to the Twelve (Ac 14"- ", 1 Co 15""').* [For a fuller discussion of the question see the article Brethren OF THE Lord].
Literature. —Besides the authorities quoted above,
of British theologians) ; Herzog, >JJ£3 (by Sieffert, with Biblio-
Commentar, Freiburg, 1890), Plummer (in Expositor's Bible, 1891) ; W. Patrick, James the Lord's Brother, 1906.
H. W. FULFORD.
JANNAL— One of the links in the Lukan gene- alogy of our Lord (Lk 3^).
JARED. — Father of Enoch, named in our Lord's genealogy (Lk 3^').
JEALOUSY.— This word is not used in the Gospels, though Jn 2" has 6 ^tjXos toO o!kov irov= 51ip'3 nx^p (Ps 69") = ' jealousy for thy house'; and one of Jesus' disciples was Simon 6 fTjXuT-^s (Lk 6"', Ac l'') = Simon 6 Kayafalos (Mk 3"), a man who had belonged to that party in the Jewish State which was so jealous for the sole sovereignty of God in Israel that it regarded the recognition of any other (e.g. by paying tribute to Caisar) as a form of treason. But the thing which the OT means by nxjp, in all its aspects, is everywhere present in the NT, and especially in the Gospels.
1. The jealousy of God in the OT is connected with the truth that He is God alone, and it is ex- pressed mainly in two ways. First, in the exclu- sive claims which He makes for Himself: ' Thou shalt have no other gods before me' (Ex 20'); ' Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy
♦ In favour of the identification of (3), (4), and (5) it is some- times urged that it is unlikely there would be four persons, all named James, closely connected with our Lord. But it must be remembered (1) that the name was certain to be popular among patriotic Jews; (2) that 'Jewish names In ordinary use at that time were very few' (Liffhtfoot, Ualatians, p. 208). Twelve persons are mentioned in the NT as bearing the name Simon (Simeon), and nine that of Joscj>h (Joses).