3. Apart from their use in the sense of an ardent and exclusive devotion to God in Christ, and to the cause of Christ in His people (2 Co 11-), the associa- tions of the words f^Xos, fijXoD;' in the NT are rather repellent. Sometimes ^fiKos is anger (Ac 5"), the Heb. n>fii? being at least once rendered 0vii6% in LXX ; often it is envy (Ac 13« : so the verb 7" 17=) ; in this sense, too, it is frequently combined with IpLi (Ko 1313, 1 Co 33, 2 Co 12-'', Gal 5=") ; only rarely does it denote a keen and affectionate interest (2 Co 7'" "). But this last sense is the one which is really congruous with the fundamental import of jealousy as the sense of self-respect and of honour in the God who is revealed in Christ as Love.
James Denney.
JECHONIAH.— Also called in OT Jehoiachin and Coniah ; mentioned in Mt !"'• as a link in our Lord's genealogy.
JEHOSHAPHAT.— A king of Judah, named in our Lord's genealogy (^It 1").
JERICHO was situated in the valley of the Jordan, about 5 miles west of the river and about 6 north of the Dead Sea. The distance between Jerusalem and Jericho was about 17 miles. The immediate vicinity enjoyed the advantage of abundant springs (2 K 2'^-), and showed great fertility. It was the ' city of palms ' (Dt 34', 2 Ch 28'=), and Josephus gives an enthusiastic account of the abundance and variety of its products (BJ IV. viii. 2, 3).
"I^e Jericho which was destroyed by Joshua was a con- siderable town, characterized by the wealth of its inhabitants and the strength of its fortifications (Jos 6 and 7). The re- building of the city is described in 1 K 16»>, but the place is referred to at earlier dates (Jos 182', 2 S 105, 1 ch 195). a school of prophets was established at Jericho (2 K 2=), and it was from Jericho that Elijah and Elisha went down to Jordan. Other references are found in 2 Ch 2815, 2 K 255, jer 395,lEzr 2»>, Neh
In the time of our Lord, Jericho was a large and important town. Antony granted the revenues of Jericho and the surrounding district to Cleopatra, and these were farmed from her by Herod the Great. Afterwards Herod received Jericho by gift from Augustus, and erected a citadel, which he called Cypros, above the town. He also built within the city a palace, in which he died. This palace was rebuilt by Herod Archelaus after it had been burned down by Simon during the troubles which followed upon the death of Herod the Great (Jos. Ant. XVII. x. 6 and xiii. 1). After the deposition of Herod Archelaus as tetrarch of Juda?a, Jericho was held directly by the Roman procurator, who farmed out its revenues.
Modem Jericho (er-Riha) is a miserable village of 300 in- habitants ; the forest of palms has entirely disappeared, and only here and there can traces of the former fertility of the district be seen. The exact site of the Catiaanite Jericho does not correspond with that of the modem village, and probably
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there were two towns, a little apart from one another, which, during the prosperity of the Roman occupation, may have been united by continuous building.
By tradition, Jericho has been closely associated with the Baptism of Jesus and the Temptation. The site of Bethany or Bethabara (wh. see), how- ever, cannot be fixed with certainty, and some (e.g. Conder) maintain that the ford east from Jericho cannot be the place, but rather a ford farther north, lying east from Cana of Galilee. The traditional scene of the Temptation is a mountain called from this association Quarantania, lying to the west of Jericho. But the uncertainty of the scene of the Baptism and the vagueness of the phrase 'the wilderness' (Mt 4^ ||) make this a matter of tradition only.
From Jericho to Jerusalem there are three roads. The central one of these is the most direct, and was that used by pilgrims going from Galilee to Jerusalem, who took the circuitous route in order to avoid entering Samaria. It is an extremely arduous path, and wayfarers were much exposed to the attacks of robbers, who easily found secure con- cealment among the bare and rugged hills which it traversed : a fact which gives vividness to the parable of the Good Samaritan (Lk 10™). This road was that which Jesus took on His last journey to Jerusalem. After the raising of Lazarus, Jesus and His disciples withdrew 'into a city called Ephraira'CJulP-"). (On its site see art. Ephraim). From this place Jesus could see the pilgrim bands from Galilee going do^vn to Jericho on their way to Jerusalem. And in all probability, when ' the Passover was nigh at hand,' He joined one of these bands, and so paid that visit to Jericho with which the names of Bartimseus and Zacchajus are as- sociated. See artt. Baetim^US and Zacch^us.*
Literature.— Stanley, SP ch. vii. pp. 305, 316 ; G. A. Smith, HGHL 264, 268, -193, 496; Hastings' DB, artt. 'Jericho, 'Ephraim,' 'Bethabara'; Farrar, Life of Christ, ii. 178-186.
Andrew N. Bogle. JERUSALEM.—
2. Natural site.
3. Climate and Diseases.
4. Water supply.
5. Topography.
History of the city during Jerusalem in the Gospels. Literature.