' loved well because he hated. Hated wickedness that hinders loving: ' (Browning-).
R. Stevexsox. LORD. — This title is used as the translation of three different words in the Gr. Gospels: (1) 6 decrirorrjs. This word occurs only once in the Gospels, in the prayer of Simeon, 'Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, according to thy word ' (Lk 2^). It is the proper correlative of 8ov\os. In thus addressing God, Simeon thinks of himself as His slave. (2) oi fieyurraves. This word also occurs but once in the Gosi>els, in Mk 6"-' ' Herod . . . made a supper to his lords.' It descriljes the chief men or nobles of a city or kingdom. (3) Kvpios, 6 Kvpios. Except in the above instances, this is the word which stands for ' Lord ' and 'lord' in the Gospels. It occurs with great frequency. With or A\-ithout the article, it is found at least 244 times. The frequency of its use is concealed from readers of the English versions. It is sometimes translated ' master ' ( ' Yet the dogs eat of the crumbs which fall from their master's table.' Mt 15^), or 'sir' ('I go, sir, and went not,' Mt 21^), or 'owner' ('the owners therefore said. Why loose ye the colt ?' Lk 19^). Fundamentally the title descriV>es one who has ix)wer or authority (b exiav KVftos ) over f)ersons or things. Strictly speak- ing, it implies ownership, but it is also used as a title of reverence or courtesy. In the Gosi>els it is applied in a wide variety oi relationship.
1. It is frequently used as a name, for God. — (1) In most cases as a name for God, it is used without the article. It occurs in aU 59 times (17 in Mt., 8 in Mk., 30 in Lk., and 4 in Jn. ). It is found in quotations from the OT, as ' Thou shalt not tempt (the) Lord thy God ' fMt 4"j ; and in phrases of OT origin, as ' the angel of (the) Lord ' (Mt P' Lk 1") ; ' the law of (tlie) Lord ' (Lk 2=3) ; ' the power of (the) Lord' (Lk 5'"|. It is noteworthy that the only instances in the Gosj^els where the title is used in direct address to God, are found in the
Erayers of Jesus : ' I thank thee. Father, Lord of eaVen and earth" (Mt 11^ Lk lO^'). In 1x)th cases the title is found in exactly the same phrase. (2) The use of the name with the article is in- frequent, occurring in all 11 times (tAvice in Mt., once in Mk. , and 8 times in Lk.): /".g. 'Perform unto the Lord thine oaths' (Mt 5®); 'Tell how great things the Lord hath done for thee ' (Mk 5^*) : ' Pray ye therefore the Lord of the harvest ' (Lk 10^). In the application of this name to Go<l, with and without the article, the Gospels follow the usage of the LXX.
2. It is also used with great frequency as n ginf.ral title of coitrtcsy, or as a name for n master or oii-ner. (1) Without the article, it is eraploye^l in direct address, as the salutation of a son to a father, ' I go, sir ' (Mt 21*') ; of sers'ants to their master, ' Sir, didst not thou sow good seed in thy
field V ' ( Mt IS-"^) ; ' Lord, let it alone this year alMj " (Lk 13-1 ; of the Greeks to Philip, 'Sir, we would see Jesus' (Jn 12-'); of the Pharisees and priests to Pilate, ' Sir, we remember that tliis deceiver said' (Mt 27*). Tliis use of the title, as a general term of courtesy in direct address, is not foimd in Mk., but it occurs 9 times in Mt., 8 times in Lk., and twice in -Jolin. As the name for a master, with- out the article it is found only in Mt 6'-"' ' No man can serve two masters,' and in Lk 16'^ the parallel passage. (2) With the article, it is a frequent name for a master or owner, as ' the lord of the vineyard' (Mt 20*), 'the lord of that servant' (Lk 12*»). ' the servant knoweth not what his lord doeth ' (Jn 15"). In Lk 16" it is the ' lord ' of the unjust steward who commended his dishonest method of providing for himself.
3. It is most fre<iuently of all employed as a title of courtesy in dircH oddres-s to, or as a nomefor Jesus.
(1) Without the article, it is used (a) by His disciples, as ' Lord, if it be thou, bid me come unto thee on the water' (Mt 14-*). This title in direct address to Jesus by disciples is never foimd in Mark. It is mo>t frequent in Jn., as is to be expected, since he records most of the private intercourse between Jesus and His disciples, (bj By others than disciples, as 'Lord, if thou M"ilt, thou canst make me clean ' (Mt S-). In Mk. it is emjiloyed only once in thi^ relation, bj- the Syro- phcenician woman, ' Yes, Lord ' (Mk 7'^). In most cases, the title as used by others than disciples is found in narratives of miracle, (o) By Jesus Him- self, as ' Not every one that saith unto me. Lord, Lord, shall enter into the kingdom of heaven ' (Mt7^). (d) It is also found in tlie words of the angel to the shepherds, ' L'nto you is bom this day ... a Saviour, who is Christ (the) Lord ' (Lk 2"). This phrase (xp^rbs ni'-ptoj) is found in Ps-Sol 17^. Briggs {jlcssiah of the Gospels, pp. 34, 35, notes) says it is probaVdy to be interpreted on the basis of "-•» Ps IICP ('The Lord said unto my Lord^), but adds that Schiirer. Ewald, Wellhausen, and W. R. Smith regard the phra** in Ps-Sol as a niistranslation of ~~" rrrr ('Anointed of (the) Lord,' — a plirase which is found in Lk 2"^ '(the) Lord's Christ '). Dalman, on the other hand ( Words of Jesus, T. & T. Clark, p. 303 f . ), thinks it incredible that a translator should have made such a mistake. We agree with him in regarding Kvpios (Lord) as a word added by the Evangelist to interpret the Jewish title Messiah {xpio^Tos) to his Gentile readers. (The same necessity of interpreta- tion accounts for the phra.se 'Christ, a king' (Lk 23-), in the accusation made before Pilate. The claim that .Je us was ' the Christ " had no political significance to the Gentile governor. It had to be interpreted to him as 'king' before he could re- ceive the charge as an accusation). In Ac 2^ the phrase ' God hath made that same Jesus . . . both Lord and Christ' {icvpiov Kai xp'-'^ov), is to be ex- plained in the same way. ' Lord ' is an addition by the Evangelist, to interjiret ' Christ ' to Gentile Cimstians. We may add that the same necessity of interpreting ' Christ ' to Gentiles accounts for the curious phrase in the address of Peter to Cor- nelius, which ha< been found so difficult — ' Jesus Christ (he is Lord of all, rdm-bjp Kvpioi),' Ac 10*'. The clause in brackets is added to interj>ret the confessional title ' Christ.' It may be due to Lk., but it is more likely that it was added at the time by Peter. He wa-^ si>eaking to a Gentile, who, though he was ' a devout man and one that feared God,' may not have understood the confessional significance of the term 'Christ.' Without the addition of the interpretation, Cornelius might have regarded it as part of the name of Jesus. The title ' Christ ' did become a prof»er name, but that use of the term did not arise till a later date.