was successful. Other wise and beneficent legal provisions are attributeil to him.
Though careful of expenditure, he did not neglect biiildin";, and the torum Neruce (or Forum 'J'ransitorium) in Home attests his activity in this direction. Part of the Temple of Minerva in it still stands in situ. Considerable imiuovement and develoiiment of roads and aciueducts both in Italy and in the provinces are also associated with this principato. Nerva died a natural death at Kome, the result of olil age and illness. The burial in the Mausoleum of Augustus was sujier- intended by Trajan, and Nerva was deified by the Senate. Ilis reign began a new era of liberty and good government, which lasted for about eighty years.
LiTERATHRB. — Xiphilinus (Epitome of Dio Casffiiis, Ixvii. 15- Ixviii. 3), Aurelius Victor (Epitome da Cmsaribuft), Pliny the Younger (LHtcrx and I'antntjric of Trajan), Pliilostratus (Apolloiuus of Tyana), Dio Chrysostom (Oratiom), Frontinus (De At/uis Urbis Roma') are ttie cliief ancient autliorities. Of modern authorities, the Histories of the Roman Empire should be consulted, also E. Klebs, Prosopographia Imperii iiomani, SEec. i., ii., iii., pars i. [Berlin, 1897], no. 974, p. 429 f., and Stein in Paulj-Wissowa, iv. 133-164. A. SOUTER.
NEW JERUSALEM. — 1. References. — (a) In canonical writings. — In the NT the name ' New Jerusalem ' occurs only twice, and these references are both in the Apocalypse of John, viz. Kev 3'- : ' He that overcometh ... I will write upon him . . . the name of the city of my God, the new- Jerusalem, which Cometh down out of heaven from my God ' ; 21- : ' And I saw the holy city, new- Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God' (cf. v.'"). But other phrases with the same refer- ence occur elsewhere in the NT, as Gal 4-'' : ' I5ut the Jerusalem that is above is free ' ; and He 12-- : ' But j-e are come . . . unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem.' It is a city of heavenly origin and full of fresh life, the metro- polis of the new earth (cf. Kev 21'). This hope of a new order of things (cf. Mt Iff^, 2 P 3'^), with Jerusalem as the centre, is not confined to the NT ; it occurs also in the OT, e.g. in Is 6.5" ; ' For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth : and the former things shall not be remembered, nor come into mind,' and in Is 66-^ : ' For as the new- heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the Lord, so shall your seed and your name remain.' But the metro- polis that .appears in Isaiah is not the New Jeru- salem ; it is the old city as before, only purified and blessed bj' God in a special manner. The basis of the new conception within the OT is found in such pass.ages as Ezk 40- : ' In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, ami set me down upon a very high mountain, whereon was as it were the frame of a city on the south,' with the whole description of the city in the following chapters (40-48) ; Is54'"f- : 'O thouattlictod, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will set thy stones in fair colours and hay thy founda- tions with sapphires ' ; GO""- : ' And strangers shall build up thy walls, and their kings shall minister unto thee : for in my wr.ath I smote thee, but in my favour have I h.ad mercy on thee'; Hag^""": ' I will fill this house with glory. . . . The latter glory of this house shall be greater than the former, saith the Lord of hosts'; Zec2^'-(EV): 'Jerusalem shall be inhabited as villages without walls. . . . For I, saith the Lord, will lie unto her a wall of fire round about, and I will be the glory in the midst of her.'
(6) In non-canonical writings. — Jewish w-ritings, mainly apocalyptic, fill up the gulf between the Old and New Testaments with regard to the new city and the conce]ition underlying it. The new ortler of things appears in 1 En. xlv. 4, 5 : 'And I
86
NEW JERUSALEM
NEW JERUSALEM