will transform the heaven and make it an eternal blessing and light: and I will transform the earth and make it a blessing''; Ixxii. 1: 'till the new creation isacconi|ilished which diireth till eternity'; xci. 16: 'And the lirst heaven shall depart and pass away, and a new heaven shall appear, and all the powers of the heavens shall give sevenfold light.' In the Hook of Jubilees the new creation is mentioned; cf. i. 29: 'And the angel of the pre- sence who went before the camp of Israel took the tables of the ilivisions of the years . . . from the day of the [new] creation when the heavens and the earth shall be renewed and all their creation according to the powers of the heaven, . . . until the sanctuary of the Lord shall be made in Jeru- salem on Mount Zion.' There is the same implica- tion in S En. {Slavonit: Enoch) Ixv. 6 H. : ' When all creation visible and invisible, as the Lord created it, shall end, then every man goes to the great judgement, and then all time shall perish, . . . they {i.e. the righteous) will live eternally. . . . And they shall have a great indestructible wall, and a paradise bright and incorruptible, for all corrupt- ible things shall pass away, and there will be eternal life.' Again the renewal of creation appears in £ Bar. (Apoc. Bar.) xx.xii. 6 : ' For there will be a greater trial than these two tribulations when the Mighty One will renew His creation' ; and in 4 Ezr. vii. 75 : ' Thou shalt renew the creation.' The hope of an ideal city, too, finds frequent men- tion in Jewish literature, e.g. in Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs (Dan, v. 12) : ' And, in the New Jerusalem shall the rigliteous rejoice, and it shall be unto the glory of God for ever'; this is the earliest occurrence of the expression ' New Jeru- salem,' but here it simply implies the rebuilding of the old city. The idea emerges fully for the hrst time in 1 En. xc. 28, 29, where the pre-existence of the New Jerusalem is implied though not specifically assigned to the new house brought and set up by God Himself : 'They folded up that old house. . . . And I saw till the Lord of the sheep brought a new house greater and loftier than that first, and set it up in the place of the first which had been folded up: all its pillars were new, and its ornaments were new and larger than those of the first, the old one which He had taken away, and all the sheep were within it' (cf. liii. 6). The heavenly Jerusalem in 4 Ezra is described as ' the city that now is invisible ' (vii. 26), ' a City builded ' (viii. 52, X. 27), ' the [heavenly] pattern of her [the earthly city]' (x. 49); its descent from heaven is mentioned in xiii. 36 : ' And Sion shall come and shall be made manifest to all men, prepared and builded, even as thou didst see the mountain cut out with- out hands,' wliile its preservation in heaven is re- ferred to in S Bar. iv. 2-7 : ' This building now built in your midst is not that which is revealed with Me, that which was prepared beforehand here from the time when I took counsel to make Paradise, and showed it to Adam before he sinned, but when he transgressed the commandment it was removed from him, as also Paradise. And after these things I showed it to My servant Abraham by night among the portions of the victims. And again also I showed it to Moses on Mount Sinai when I showed to him the likeness of the taber- nacle and all its vesseLs. And now, behold, it is preserved with Me, as also Paradise.' The idea of the new city as simply a purification of the old appears in 1 En. x. 16-19: 'Destroy all wrong from the face of the earth. . . . And then shall all the righteous escape, and shall live till they beget thousands of children, and all the days of their youth and their old age shall they complete in peace. And then shall the whole earth be tilled m righteousness, and shall all be planted with trees and be full of blessing ' ; also in xxv. 1-6 :
'This high mountain which thou hast seen, whose summit is like the throne of God, is His throne, where the Holy tJreat One, the Lord of Glory, the Eternal King, will sit, when He shall come down to visit the earth with goodness. And as for this fragrant tree ... it shall be transplanted to the holy place, to the temple of the Lord, the Eternal King. Then shall they rejoice with joy and be glad, and into the holy place shall they enter ; and its fragrance shall be in their bones, and they shall live a long life on earth, such as thy fathers lived' ; and again m Pss.-Sol. xvii. 25, 33: 'And that he may purge Jerusalem from nations that trample (her) down to destruction ' ; ' and he shall purge Jerusalem, making it holy as of old.' Tobit men- tions the ideal city in IS""- " : ' For Jerusalem shall be builded with sapphires and emeralds and precious stones ; thy walls and towers and battlements with pure gold. And the streets of Jerusalem shall be paved with beryl and carbuncle and stones of Ophir.'