them in a sound state of perfect faith, strengthen those weakened by doubt, bind up those bruised by the remorse of sin, and bring back those that have gone astray, wliile expelling those that may attect the moral or spiritual well-being of the tlock by evil conduct or evil doctrine (see art. 'Didascalia' in JE). The name 'shepherd' or ' pastor ' became henceforth the title of the bishop (Ign.at. ad Phil. ii. 1, ad Rom. ix. 1 ; Iren. iv. 33; Cyprian, Ep. viii. [ii.], ' Cleri Romani ad clerum Carthaginensem ' ; Clem. Alex. Strom, i. '2G), and later on in Protestant Christianity of the minister of the Church in general. In Enoch Ixxxix. 59, xc. 25, the name ' shepherd ' is given to the 70 angels ruling the 70 nations of the earth (see R. H. Charles, ad loc, and F. Spitta, Zur Geschichte und Litteratar des Urchristentums, Gottingen, 1901, ii. 367 fl. ), also to the angel in Hermas, Mand. iv. 22, Sim. vi. 3. 2. In ancient Babylonia the chief stars bore the name of ' Shepherds of Heaven.'
K. KOHLER. SHEWBBEAD.— In the holy place of the temple or tabernacle was the shewbread (He 9"), lit. ' the setting forth of the loaves ' (t) wp6$e(ris rue &PTWI' ; Vulg. propositio panum). In the LXX rendering of Ex 40^ the loaves are called dproi t% TpoBiaeois ; other names were ' the continual bread,' ' the presence-bread,' ' holy bread.' Every Sabbath day the shewbread, unleavened (Josephus, Ant. III. vi. 6), and fresh from the oven, was placed, in two piles of six loaves each, on a table of cedar-wood, in front of the entrance to ' the most holy place,' and the stale bread was eaten within the sacred pre- cincts. Instructions as to the composition, setting forth, and consumption of the bread are given in Lv 24="^. The ritual is attested from an early date (1 S 21°), and was no doubt a survival from a primi- tive cultus in which the shewbread was regarded as the food of the deity, like the lectisternia of the Romans ; but this idea was ' too crude to sub- sist without modiflcation beyond the savage state of society ' (W. R. Smith, RS\ 1894, p. 229), and, when more spiritual thoughts of the Divine nature prevailed, the shewbread was retained merely eh avaixfriuLv (Lv 24') — i.e. as a reminder of man's de- pendence upon God for the gift of daily bread. Among the spoils displayed at the triumph of Vespasian and Titus, ' those that were taken in the temple of Jerusalem made the greatest figure of them all : that is, the golden table, of the weight of many talents; the golden candlestick also' (Josephus, BJ VII. V. 5), both of which are repre- sented on the well-known Arch of Titus.
Literature. — Grimm-Thayer, s.o. n-pd^eo-is ; A. Edersheim, The Temple, its Miiiislry and Services, n.d. , p. 181 ff. ; A. R. S. Kennedy, art. ' Shewbread ' in HDB.
James Steahan. SHIELD.— See Aemour.
SHIP {vavs, occurring in Ac 27*' only, ' a vessel of considerable size ' ; cf. irXoioc, ' ship, boat, sailing vessel,' Ac 20"- '» 2P- '• « 27=''- 28", Ja 3^ Rev 8» 18"- '^, and frequently in the Gospels ; cf. also irXoidp^ov, ' a little boat,' Mk 3' 4'", Jn 21*, and ij (TKarpi], 'a skid',' used of the small life-boat which was towed astern the larger vessel on which St. Paul sailed from Palestine to Italy, Ac 27"*- '»• '=). — The ancient Hebrews were not given to sea- faring, Solomon (1 K5' 9-"""* 10°^) and Jehoshaphat (1 K22**-''') being the only important exceptions. They preferred agricultural and pastoral life. Besides, Canaan had no good harbours, and almost the entire coast remained permanently in the possession of others, the Pluenicians holding all north of Mt. Carmel, and the Philistines most of that to the south. Simon the Hasmonasan (c. 145 B.C.) was the first to make a harbour. 'He took Joppa for a haven, and made it an entrance
SHIP
SHIP
475
for the isles of the sea' (1 Mac 14'). According to Joseplius (/JJl. xxi. 5, Ant. XV. i.\. 6), Ileiod the Great adclfd a second h;irboiir at Ca-sarca. As early as 400 B.C. llie Greeks demonstrated their ability to construct lar^'e ships. Dionysins I. of Syracuse built ships with four ranks of oarsmen (I'liny, H^' vii. .")7 ; Diod. Sic. .\iv. 41, 4-J). In the days of St. Paul tlie Romans controlled the commerce of the Mediterranean.
It is to St. Luke that we owe the most vivid as well as the most accurate account of sea-voyaping which has come down to us from anlniuily. E,\perts in naval science agree that it is without a parallel (cf. J. Smith, T/ie Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Pit III'). Luke must have possessed a genuine Greek love for tilings nautical. Tlie wealth of detail contained in Ac 27 and 28 regarding St. Paul's experiences from CiTsarea to Puteoli, which covered a period of six months (Sept. A.D. 5S to March 59), is invaluable. But long prior to this most eventful voyage, St. Paul had become experienced in nautical affairs. Writing to the Corinthians, he says, ' Thrice I suffered sliipwreck, a night and a day have I been in the deeji ' (2 Co 11-'), clinging perhaps to some floating phmk or other timber of a wrecked vessel (cf. Ac 27").