LiTERATi'RE. — J. Smith, The Voyage and Shipwreck of St. Paul^, 188U; A. Breusing, Die Nautik der Atten, 188(j ; J. Vars, L'Art nautique dans VantiquiU el spiicialement en Gr^ce, d'api-^s A . Breusing, 1887 ; H. Balmer, Die Romfahrt des Apnt'tels Paulusund die Seefahrtskundc im rbm. Kaiserzeitaiter t 1005 ; Cecil Torr, Ancient ^hips, 1894 ; A. Bbckh, Urkunden iiber das Seewemn des attischen -S^aa^c.s, 1840 ; H. Guthe, art. •Ships and Navif^ation' in Standard Bible Dictionary, 1909; M. A. Canney, art. ' Ship ' in EBi iv. ; F. H. Woods, art. •Ships and Boats' in SDB ; art. ' Ship' in Piercy's Illustrated Bible Diclionarn, 1908 ; P. Watts, art. ' Ship' in £Br" xxlv. ; R. M. Blomfield, art. 'Ships and Boats' in UDB v.
George L. Robinson.
SHOE, SANDAL.— With one exception the re- ferences to shoes or sandals are all found in the Book of Acts. Two of these are quotations, one from Ex 3^ (Ac 7'^), andtheother from the Gospels, Mt 3", Mk V, Lk 3"', and Jn 1« (Ac 13"-=). The latter gives scope for comparison, and raises a certain problem, which is discussed in EBi, s.v. 'Shoes.' Verbal diti'erences are not sufficient to throw any light upon the kind of foot-covering worn. The two words found, inroSrumTa and (rav- SdXia, do not appear to be distinctive, the one of ' shoes' and the other of 'sandals.' The former is found in all the passages cited above, while the latter appe.ars only in Ac 12", conjoined with the verb from which vTroS-fijxara is derived.
Although linguistic aids fail us, we may safely infer that both sandals and shoes were in common use during apostolic times. For the most part they were made by craftsmen, working with leather chiefly, although wood, cork, etc., were also employed. Simple and ornate forms were forthcoming. Sandals of the plain kind were mere coverings for the soles of the feet to save them from injury, especially during a journey. They were attached by thongs arranged in a variety of ways. In the more ornate forms sandals had an attachment at the toes, at the heels, and along the sides, not necessarily all found together. So long as the toes were in any measure visible the foot- covering might be said to be a pair of sandals. When the various attachments to the sole were closed in above, the transition to shoes was com- plete. The thong or latchet would appear to have been as necessary to shoes as to sandals. An excep- tion to this would be the ' slipper,' best suited for indoor wear, being easy to put on and off. Another distinctive feature of shoes, as opposed to slippers, was the heel -covering. Boots in various forms were also known, but the descriptions are not very definite.
On the ground of Eph 6" we are perhaps justi- fied in referring to the Roman caliga, the foot- equipment of the common soldier at this time. It is usually taken to be a sandal of the strong order, with nails to prevent slipiiing, but, accord- ing to another view, it was really a shoe fitting closely to the foot above. Such foot-gear is sup- posed to be referred to in Josephus, BJ VI. i. 8, in which instance the nails failed in their purpose.
The practice of walking barefoot seems to have been restricted to slaves and the poorer classes ; with others it was the custom only on
SHKIXES
SIBYLLINE OKACLKS
certain occasions {e.g. mourning). Indoors it was usual to lay aside tlie shoes or sandals that had been worn abroail, and to go barefoot, and so when reclining at meals (tf. Jn 13'°). In tlu- Tcuiiple ceremonial also shoes were liiscarded. As a|i|iears from Ac I'J", simdals were laid aside during sleep.
From 13" we may infer that St. Paul and Itanuibas had foot-wear of some sort, the symbolical action pointing to the dust which had collected underfoot, liy detachment of the shoes this could be shaken out, and, assuming that the action is to be literally taken, it accords with the wearing of shoes rather
than of sandals. SHRINES.— See Diana.
W. CliUICKSlIANK.
SIBYLLINE ORACLES.— At the close of the 5th
(0th ?) cent, (lospel (cf. vol. i. p. 489) which is en- titled The Histunj of .lo.icpk the Carpenter, the Saviour predicts that Antichrist will murder four persons and shed their blood like water, in revenge for their exposure of his evil policj'. The apostles ask who these four persons are, and the Lord replies, 'They are Enoch, Elijah, Schila, and Tabitha.' 'Schila' has puzzled editors of this Arabic document. It is conimonl}- taken as a man's name, and he has been identified with the NT 'Silas,' although there is no obvious reason either in the NT or in later tradition why Silas should be in such exalted company. E. Nestle (ZNTW xi. [1910] 240) suggests that he was the son of the widow of Nain ; but this is pure con- jecture, and Nestle's companion idea that ' Tabitha ' represents the daughter of Jairus (Mk 5'", raXeiOi koi'/m) is a precarious support. Tabitha is certainly the woman of Joppa (Ac 9^"") whom St. Peter raised from the dead. In the Coptic Apocalypse of Elijah she encounters Antichrist, and in a frag- ment of some Sahidic apocalypse, quoted by Crum {ZNTIV xii. [1911] 352), she 'is ranked with Enoch .•md Elijah as having entered heaven in the bcjdy. Crum further solves the problem of 'Schila' by noting that when the Arabic noun is pointed dill'erently it becomes equivalent to 'Sibylla,' who is elsewhere associated with Enoch. This yields an excellent sense for the passage, two men being followed by two women.