TBIOTHY AND TITUS, EPISTLES TLMUTIIY AiS'U TITLS, EPISTLES O'Jl
tlieeai-lierEpistles(l Co4>', Col P82'3'«), niul in 1 Ti 6' it is almost convertible with the <;os|)el. Christ iaii faith is spoken of less from the personal siile (han from the objective !us a body ot doctrine, twite, intleeii, bein;; synonymous with 'truth' (lliont;h, of course, this use ot 'faith' is also found in the earlier Epistles) (1 Ti l'» 4' G'"--'); and Christian life ami doctrine are the new law [inroXri) {v."). As has been remarked above, the prevalence of the ideaofdisciplineandof theword 'godliness' (ei^ir^^em) is a feature of these later Kpistles. Ajjain, the use of the phrases ' faithful is the saying' (iriarAs 6 X<i7os, 1'= ;{' 4') and 'the good confession' (1 Ti 6") involves a measure of fixed creed, or at least of traditional formulae, which seems alien to the originality of I'aul's mind. Possibly also the 'words ot our Lord Jesus Christ' (1 Ti 6") were logia such as Luke and the otiier Evangelists used. (6) 3 Timothij. — The atliuities are much closer than in 1 Timothy.
Romans: 8>'anJ2Til7; 116aiid2 Ti 18 1- ; 16-6 ami 2 Ti IMO ; 611 and 2 Ti lis ; V and 2 Ti 2» ; l-'- 30 and 2 Ti S"-* ; 2^) and 2 Ti :i5; 4'J3--'-'i:.-'and2Ti S'b.
1 Corinthians: similar relationaliip of Paul to Timothy : 1 Co 417 1(110. n and 2 Ti I'-i 6 21 2 310- " ; 9'- »• 2» and 2 Ti 2-'- »'; 312 83 and 2 Ti 21» ; 99-10 and 2 Ti 316.
S Corinthians : tiie idea of the ministry in 2 Co 316-12 js simitar to that in 2 Tim., though in the latter it is less powerfnlly ex- pressed ; L-f. 2 Co 411- 12 and 2 Ti 21".
Epkesians : 33. 5- 9- " and 2 Ti V- 1" ; 119. =0 and 2 Ti 2" ; 31- 13 and 2 Ti 29 ; 4" and 2 Ti 4* ; 621 and 2 Ti 412.
Philippians affords tiie closest parallels : 35 and 2 Ti 13 ; 129. 30 219-22 3IU. 11. 17 49 and 2 Ti 18-13 310-1-' ; 120 and 2 Ti II2 ; 310 and 2 Ti 2» ; 112-1-1 217 and 2 Ti 29- 10 ; 2" 31-' and 2 Ti 46 ».
There are iio passages in 1 Tim. that ring so truly Pauline as 2 Ti 13-5-8-12 01-13 31-5-10-12 4i.2.5-8_ But even in these sections non-Pauline words such as €TrL<pdv€La, €v(xi(i€ia{ili$) occur, and their style and language conform in general to 1 Timothy, though this alone would not cast a serious suspicion upon 2 Timothy were it separated from its companion Epistles. Its vigour and personal references show that it takes its rise near the source of the Pauline stream. The form of the letter also resembles the earlier Pauline Epistles more than 1 Tim. or Tit. does. After the address conies a thanksgiving, as in Rom., Cor., Phil. ; at the close a doxology, greetings, and blessing, which is very Pauline. See Wendland, op. cit., p. 41.3 fi'.
(c) Titus. — There are here, as in the other Epistles, affinities in detail and in general.
Romans : 1623. 20 and Tit 1" ; 52 and Tit 213 ; isiff. and Tit 31 ; 82* and Tit 37 ; 16"- 18 and Tit S'O.
1 Corinthians : 41 and Tit 17 ; 17 and Tit 213 ; c" and Tit 33.
Ephesiaiis : in Eph 411-1-1 525-27 and Tit l-^-n there are similar ideas .IS to the necessity of the ministry in order to maintain the purity of the Church airainst false doctrine ; cf. also Eph 19. lO and Tit "li ■< ; I'-" 62-25-27 and Tit 2"; 22 68 and Tit 33; 28-9 626. 27 and Tit 35.
Philippians : 320 and Tit 213 ; 45 and Tit 32 ; 39 and Tit 35- ^.
Pauline doctrine is found in l'"' 2"'" S''", thougli there is an inworking of non-Pauline ideas and language similar to that of 1 Tiinotliy. Christian- ity is a recognizabh; form of piety to be adorned, observed, and taught (2'"). Titus stands midway between 1 and 2 Timothy ; it is more personal than the former, and is more closely related to the latter in its parallels to the Pauline letters and in its emphasis on the evangelical doctrines, but in 15-9 2'''" 3"- '" it is connected more closely with 1 Timothy (3-'f-" 5'"- 6'- 3-5).
(ii.) Heiiukw.'!. — Several expressions and a few turns of thought, not found in Paul, are common to the Pastor.als and Hebrews — tlie conception of the death of Christ, and the use of the term ' medi- ator,' He 86 9" 12=* and 1 Ti 2', 2" and 2 Ti V ; cf. 122 ,i„(j 2 Ti 2«.
(iii.) 1 I'ETER. — This Epistle affords even more close rcsembl.ances ilian Hebrews: 3'"° .and 1 Ti 2"'i', Tit 23-5 . 51-4 and 1 Ti 3= ', Tit P' ; 3'«- =2 and 1 Ti 3'» ; 4» and 2 Ti 4> ; 2'3-» and Tit 2« 3'- = ; 3" and Tit 2".
(iv.) The Lucan Whitings. — Tliero are remark- able points of contact between the Pastoral Epistles and the Gospel of Luke, and especially the Hook of Acts. The attrilaites ap]>lied to (Jod — ' King of kings and Lord of lords' (1 Ti l)'°), 'Saviour' (3 times in 1 Tim., once in 2 Tim., (> times in Tit.), His XPV'"'^^'!^ «'<»' <pt\ai'Opuwia (Tit 3*) and neya\(i6rris (cf. Lk l"-*^ <)«_ Ac 8'" 19"- », Tit 2")— show a' striking similarity to the religions terminology current in Hellenistic Judaism and in Ih-lli'nislic cults (see Wendland, oj). cit., ji. 221 ; Dibelius on Tit 2'''). In this respect the language of Luke and Acts is miKrh more akin to coiUemporarj' Hellen- istic usage than is that of Paul. The Gospel of Luke opens with a promise of what is really an iin<(,dueia of the Most High (132.35. 7«. 7U). i'i,e term is frequent in contemporary religious language and occurs 5 times in these Epistles. Ac I4i«- n i734-2« are a partial comment on the Divine xp7;trr(iT»)s Kal <fti\afOpairia. Jesus is the Savicmr of sinners (Lk 2", Ac 5" 1323) . (jin-ist is Kedeemer (XiTpiffffai, 1 Ti 2«, Tit 2": cf. Lk I'* 242', Ac T"''), Ju<lge (2Ti 4', Ac W- ir-"). Cf. the gift of the Spirit (2 Ti 1', Ac 13--3; of. 1825); similar conceptions of the relation of the New to the Old Covenant and of Paul to Judaism (2 Ti 13-5, Ac 24i*-i» 26«- -"2) ; hostility to tlie gospel traced to ignorance ( 1 Ti 1 ''■' ; cf. Ac 3" 172^'-*); the Church the family of God, and its relation to the household (1 Ti 35- '», 2 Ti 2-'', Ac 102 U" 1631 188). recognition of the >vidow (1 Ti o'lr.^ Lk 2" 183•^ Ac 6') ; evil effect of riches (1 Ti e^-'o-", Lk 8'* 12'6-2i 16"); frequent use of 'good (or other adj.) conscience' (6 times in Pas- torals, Ac 23' 24'6, common in Hellenisti<: usage) ; similar use of SiKaioaOfTi for projier conduct (1 Ti 6", Ac 10*^ 13'o 2425). Acts, like the Pastorals, exhibits the inffuence of ' teaching ' in the spread of the gospel, and also of the favourable disposition of rulers upon the growth of the Church, which, in- deed, may be said to be one of its minor motives. Prayer for those in authority was in the synagogues of the Jews an equivalent for worship of the Emperor and a proof of loyalty (see Dibelius on