1 Ti 22). For lesser parallels see 2 Ti 1'2, Lk 23■'^ Ac 7'» ; 2 Ti 2'", Lk 13=' ; 2 Ti 3'^ Lk 1*. Very clo.se resemblances are found between the address of Paul to the elders at Miletus (Ac -^O"-**) and the Pastorals, espec'ially in the closing scene in
2 Timothy. Paul reminds them of his blameless career (cf. 2 Ti 1'3- " S'"- " 4'). The ioy of linisbing his course makes his own life of small account since lie is fullilling the commission of Jesus Christ (Ac 202'', 2 Ti !"• '2 4«- '• 8). In spite of dangers that the preaching of the gos]vel brought upon him, he has been faithful, serving the Church without gain, and his exam])le w ill strengthen his successors in the troublous days that are alie.-id (Ac 20'29- 30.33-35^ 1 Ti G^-^o, 2 Ti l* 2' 3>''- "• ", Tit 1"). The impend- ing visitation of evil teachers creates the necessity of elders maintaining discipline and oversight (Ac -JO"- 28- 29- 3o_ 1 Xi 3" 4> 6», 2 Ti 3>", Tit l"- " 3" [(^^(TTpaTTTai ; cf. Ac '203"]). Cf. Ac 2035 (X670! toO Kt'piov) and 1 Ti 63. The quotation (1 Ti ,■)'», Lk 10') is given in the exact words of Luke, whereas in other cases, e.g. 1 Co 9'^ Paul does not use the Gospel Sayings of Jesus (cf. 1 Ti 521 with Lk 92«).
It is just possible that the Book of Tobit may serve 'as a link between the Pastorals and the Lucan writings. Cf. especially 4'-' and 1 Ti 6" ; 421 and 1 Ti 6"; 13" and 1 Ti l""(see K. H. Charles, Apocrypha mul Psc%tdcpigrapha, Oxfor<l, 1!)I3).
If IJendel Harris is correct in his view th.at the words of Ac 17-', ' In him we live, and move, and have our being,' are taken from Epimenides, the Cretan poet, who is evidently the author of the hexameter verse in Tit I12, there is another subtle connexion between the Pastorals and Luke (Exp, 7th8er.,ii. [1906] 305).
592 TIMOTHY AND TITUS, EPISTLES TIMOTHY AND TITUS, EPISTLES
Tlie hymn qnotcul in I Ti 3'^ seems to follow the themes of the Gospel of Luke and of the Aets— the Incarnation, Baptism, Temptation, Transfigura- tion ami other anf;elic manifestations, Mission of Seventy, the carrying of the gospel to Gentiles (in Acts), the foundation of the Church, and the Ascent through death into glory. See also under § 6.
In regard to the diaracterof Timothy, A. JUlicher says : ' It is the Timothy of the Acts of the Apostles somewhat tlattened out and diminished that the Pastoral Epistles show us' [PRE'' xix. 786); of. VVendland : ' Many ecclesiastical customs and regulations bring [the author of Aets] into the neighbourhood of the Pastoral Epistles' [op. cit., p. 333).
8. References in post -apostolic literature. — While the witness of the earliest non-canonical writers is not so strong for the Pastorals as for Romans and Corinthians, it compares favourably with that for Galatians and Philippians, and is much better than that for 1 and 2 Thessalonians. The fact that they were addressed not to churches but to private persons may account for the silence.
Clement. — There is a fair degree of probability that the Pastorals, especially Titus, were known to Clement : Clem, ad Cor. i. 3 and Tit 2^- ^ ii. 7 and Tit 3' being the closest parallels ; but cf. xxix. 1 with 1 Ti 28 ; xxxii. 3. 4 with 2 Ti P, Tit 3^- ; xlv. 7 with 2 Ti P, 1 Ti S^ ; Ix. 3. 4, Ixi. with 1 Ti 6'^ 2\ Tit 3'.
Ignatius contains, it is highly probable, frequent reminiscences of 1 and 2 Timothy. Cf. Eph. xiv. 1, XX. 1, Magn. viii. 1 with 1 Ti P"' ; Polyc. iii. 1 with 1 Ti P 6', iv. 3 with 1 Ti 6-, vi. 2 with 2 Ti 2^- * ; Rom. ii. 2 with 2 Ti 4^ ix. 2 with 1 Ti l'^ ; Smyrn. iv. 2 with 1 Ti 1'^ 2 Ti 2'"^-. For Titus : cf. Magn. vi. 2 with Tit 2' , viii. 1 with Tit 1" 3' ; Polyc. vi. 1 with Tit 1'. Tlie evidence for Titus is weaker than for the others. Zahn asserts that scarcely a single chapter of the three Pastorals is without more or less marked parallels with Ignatius ; JUlicher also admits that they are used in Ignatius and Polycarp.
Barnabas seldom, and with less probability, has traces of the Epistles (cf. Ep. Barn. i. 4 with Tit V, V. 6 with 1 Ti 3'*) ; but Polycaip is undoubtedly indebted to them. Cf. Polyc. ad Phil. iv. 1 with 1 Ti 6'- 1" ; iv. 3 with 1 Ti 5^ v. 2 with 2 Ti 2'=, Tit 3« ; ix. 2 with 2 Ti 4'» ; xi. 2 with 1 Ti 3="^ ; xi. 4 with 2 Ti 2-5 ; xii. 1 with 2 Ti 3'^- "> ; xii. 3 with 1 Ti 2'' ^ 4'^
Justin, the Gnostic Acts of Paul, Eegesippus, Irenceus, Tertullian, and Clement of Alexandria know these Epistles. They are regarded as Paul- ine and canonical in the Muratorian Fragment, though, strangely, Marcion omits them from his Pauline group, probably on his own doctrinal grounds. Marcion had written a book with the title dj'riWtrfis, and in 1 Ti 6-" the readers are warned against ivridiaei^ riji ^evSufv/iov yDuixeus. It may be also that he rejected them because they were not addressed to churches, for Tertullian seems to see an inconsistency in his admitting Philemon. The silence of ISIarcion is difficult to explain clearly, but is insufficient for .liilicher's theory that the Epistles were not known before his time as Pauline and could not have appeared before A.D. 100.