9. Language of the Pastoral Epistles {a) The
three letters are related to one another by the use of a large common vocabulary. Among the most distinctive words and phrases are eiaipeio. and cog- nates, crili^puy and cognates, 8i5airKa\la often with iryiad'oucra or xaXis [naXd! elsewhere in Paul only 16 times and then usually as a predicate, but in the Pastorals 24 times and as a rule attributively), •7rapad7}KT], Kadapa or dyadr} avvfidrjais, Triarbs 6 X670S, iniyvuKTis dXijOdas, Si' fjv airlav, and x^P'" ^f"*. Some
170 words are found nowhere else in the NT, 70 occur only in 1 Tim., 40 in 2 Tim., and In in Titus.* 1 Tim. and Tit. are more nearly related to each other than either is to 2 Timothy.
(b) At the same time there is a fundamentally Pauline vocabul.ary, though some of the most dis- tinctively Pauline words and particles are not found, e.g. ddtKo^, diroKoKLnrTety, ivepytXv, KavxdaOai, irapddo(Ti$, ir^pnranlv, TrepL(X<ji6ii.v, aui^a, rAeios, dpa, Si6, Sidn. The absence from the Pastorals of the rhetorical expressions tI ovu ; tI yap • dpa oCc ; oi'« oldas, which occur in the greater E|iistles, is not so remarkable, because they are found rarely in the Epistles of the Captivity ; but the style has become less vigorous than that of these later letters. It never bursts its bounds or swirls aside into paren- theses, though the intenser note of 2 Tim. seems to indicate a recent experience.
(c) Many words of these Epistles, while occur- ring occasionally in the Pauline letters, are more frequent in Luke and Acts,t e.g. afxapraXdi, dxa- XafX^dvcLV, dirodoxv {dirodex^'^Oat), Siafiaprvpeadai, ^irai- peiv, ^Tr^x^iv, iinaKoiTTi, bcrios (Hebrews, not in Paul), Trapartd^vai. -napix^^^, trvveldijo-ts dyaB-q (in Paul avvH- Srjais absolutely), xvp"--
(d) Many other words are found elsewhere in the NT only or mainly in Luke and Acts, or occasionally in non-Pauline books, e.g. dvota, dxdpiaTo^, jiios, ^vdl^eiv, dpo/xos, diivdaTrjs, e^apTL^eiv, ^TTifj-eXslaOat, iTrlffTaffOat, etrtcpaiveLv, cuepyeala, evaitiiLa, ^TJTtjffis, ^wype'tv, ^woyoviXv, Kauovpyo^, Xeiireii', f^eXiTav, fieTaXa/j.l^dveLi', reuirepos, vo^ikSs, vo^ootddijKaXo^, napa- KoXovduv, TTcpUpyo^, TrepuffTdvaL, irepnToiu<ydai^ Trp€(T(3u- ripiov, Trpoddrtjs, TrpoireT7}s, TTpoa^x^ii^, irpofffieveLf (cf. Ac 11^ with 1 Ti 1^), au>/MTiK6s, iyiaifeiv, iptXai'- Gpwiria, (piXdpyvpo^.
Further parallels with Lucan language are the use of TTveuixa, 2 Ti 1' (found also in Ro S'^), Lk 8=5 13", Ac 6'° 75» 17'" ; Hani, relative of indefinite reference { 1 Ti S'*, Lk S-") ; iirl irXecov (2 Ti 2>» 3^ Ac 4" 208'- 24-') ; ii> with ytyveaffai (1 Ti 2'*, 2 Ti 1", Ac 135 22") ; 4i/ with flvai, a rare construction (1 Ti 4'5, Lk 2«).
(e) Other words are common with Hebrews, e.g. dipiXdpyvpos, /3f'^7)Xos, yvfivd^'eiv (except once in 2 Pet. ), iKTpiireaOaL, dp^yeadaL.
10. Situation of Paul as given in these Epistles. — Attempts have been made to find a place for these Epistles within the record of the life of Paul as it is given in the Book of Acts, but without success ; and, if they are from his hand, they must be assigned to a later period, after his acquittal at the trial impending at the close of Acts. That he was acquitted seems probable to the present writer, but this solution of the question does not necessarily carry with it the authenticity of the Pastorals. 2 Timothy alone aflbrds chrono- logical data. Paul is now a prisoner in Rome. Active profession of Christianity brings one into a danger-zone. Suflering accompanies service — not that it is the acute result of systematic persecu- tion, though in 2 Timothy this hovers on the horizon (2^) — and it has been sufficiently severe to cause wholesale defections in Asia and in Rome (115416-18)^ and to check the energy of a timid heart (!'•*). The author compares Timothy's suft'erings with his own in Antioch, Iconium, and Lystra (3'"- "). It is, how- ever, not hazardous for Timothy and Titus to visit Paul at Rome, good friends like Onesiphorus, who had helped him in Ephesus, having apparently of late sought out the Apostle there (1'*"), which might imply that he was in concealment, though 4^' shows that he kept in touch with the Christians
* Most of these, Wendland thinks, belong to the literary stratum of the Koine, and the influence of the LXX is small (op. cit, p. 364, note 5).
t The language of Luke and Acts also has more affinities with the literary Koine than that of any book of the NT but Hebrews.
TIMOTHY AND TITUS, KPISTLES TliMOTIlY AND TITUS, EPISTLES 593
of the city, even if, as may be inferred from 4"'' ", the Apostle hud liis own small intimate circle apart trom the lar^'cr chnrch of Rome. It is for Kphesus and its environment, the churches of his earlier years, that he is most anxious, as the signs point to a gathering storm (2'" 3""-). When Paul wrote Philijipians and Colossians he was expecting an imnudiate and favonrahle decision of his case, and, if this was tlie result, during the interval that elapsed between I'hilippians and 2 Timothy he paid a visit to Ephesus, possibly also to Crete (Tit P). When he wrote Phili]iiiiaiis and Colossians, he liad with him Timothy (whom he hopes to send to Pliilippi, and in fact he may have sent liim away before the close of the lirst trial), aiiparontly Epajih- roditus, Tychicus (who with Onesimus has just been sent to Colossje), Aristarchus a fellow-prisoner, Mark (who is soon to go to Colossa;), Justus, Epaphras, Luke, and Demas. At the time of 2 Timothy, Demas has forsaken Paul and gone to Thessalonica, perhaps on worldly business, and Luke only is with him. He asks Timothy to bring Mark, which he lias made possilih? by send- ing Tychicus to Ephesus. He seems to have been in prison for some time, and 'the (irst defence' most likely refers to a preliminarj' trial which involved danger to his disciples. Alexander the coppersmith, who may have led in the great defec- tion from the Apostle (2 Ti 1"), possilily the same person as Alexander the Jew of Ac 19, may have followed him to Rome and brought ag.ainst him some specious charge, which told powerfully before the Imperial court, now suspicious of tlie new sect, which was evidently difl'erent from and hated by Judaism. Apparently Paul is sending Timothy late news about Ephesus, whither he maybe about to come, possibly from Macedonia, or, as Zahn suggests, from his old home in Lystra, where he may have been when Paul was last in Ephesus, The natural inference is that Erastus remained behind in his own home at Corinth when Paul came on to Rome, and that Trophimus had been left not long before at Miletus (2 Ti 4=»). This Trophimus, an Ephesian, had been a fellow-worker with Timothy before and was evidently known to Luke (Ac 20* 21^).