In all this theie is no evidence of a giving which is not free and spontaneous and which has not a moral and spiritual basis. No allusion is made to the necessity for the continuance of the Mos.aie law of tithes. This is all the more remarkable as we have in .St. Paul's case a dislinct reference to the parallel between the Levitical priesthood and the Christian ministry in this respect (1 Co 9'^) — a parallel which is involved, consciously or otherwise.
in the ordinance of Jesus (ixi/pios) that His mission- aries were to be supported by the objects of their labours.
The relation between tithes and Christian giving may be a)iprehended as that between the law and the gospel as incentives and forces in life. It is the relation between a legal enactment which enforces by objective sanctions and a spiritual ideal which draws out all that is best and highest from those who recognize the significance of the blessedness of self-sacrilice for the sake of others.
LiTBRATt'KK.— A. Plummer, /CC, '2 Corinthians,' Edinburu'ti, 19l;> ; A. Robertson unci A, Plummer, iV>., * 1 CorintliiuriH,' do., mil : Fouike Robartes, The Itt'i'mue 0/ the Gospel m Tijlbeit, ('anibri(l;;e, Uil3 ; G. Carleton, Tithes Kxamhteii and Proved to U'e Due to the Ctertjie by a Divitw UiijhV-, London, 1011 ; J. Selden, liUtori/ 0/ Tythes, do., 1U18. J. K. WlLLIS.
TITUS. — Titus, one of the apostle Paul's chief lieutenants, was a Greek, born jirobably in Antioch or its neighbourhood, and converted to Christianity perhaps by the Apostle himself (Tit l'). He was among the earliest Gentile leaders in the Christian Church, and it has been suggested, not without plausibility, that the question of Gentile cir<-um- cision was first raised when he, along with others, Wiis brought into the Church. In any ca.se, Paul chose Titus to go with him to Jerusalem in order that the question might be decided by the apostles on appeal to a concrete case. Titus was almost certainly not circumcised (Gal 2°).
Henceforth he is a leader under Paul in work which made him well known to the churches of Galatia (2'). When atVairs had reached a danger- ous climax in the church of Corinth during Paul's sojourn in Kphesus, Timothy was first dispatched by the Apostle to restore peace ; but he failed, and Titus was then sent. Paul was confronted with a revolt of one of his important churches, the seriousness of which may be estimated by the tension of the Apostle as he awaited news of the mission of Titus (2 Co 2" T'''"). Titus was quite successful: the rebellious element was supjiressed. As a result of bis service, there sjirang up between Titus and that church a deep allection, and he championed them in the matter of their liberality towards 'the saints' at Jerusalem, claiming that they would not be behind Paul's favourite churches of Macedonia (2 Co 8»- '«■'»).
Titus was evidently a man of stronger character than Timothy, and may have been sent further afield on more independent missions ; but nothing is known of his later activity apart from the Epistle addressed to him by St. Paul. It may be reason- ably assumed that historical material liesenibedded in this letter ; and, if so, Titus continued to be Paul's ' partner and fellow-helper ' (2 Co 8-^) until the end of his life, and retained his confidence as one who was able to carry out <lifhcult tasks to the Apostle's liking (Tit 1'). Crete, to which Paul took Titus, must have been in itself one of the hardest fields to evangelize (1'-- "), and the appear- ance of the false teachers, who seem to have gained a foothold after Paul left, made a strong hand all the more necessary. These teachers were men 'of the circumcision ' (1'""), who possibly made use of the fact that Titus was an uncircumcised Greek to undermine his authority. Paul does not fear, as be does in the case of Timothy, that Titus will yield to pressure ; but he may liave dreaded that, not being a Jew, he would \>;\y too much heed to the prestige of Judaism, and attach a fictitious importance to these Jewish teachers and their fables (1>"-" 3"). He, therefore, bids him make short work of unruly men and exerci.se his own authority (2'° 3'°). His po.sition in Crete is similar to that of Timothy in the churches of Ephesus — a representative of the Apostle hohling a local commission. His function is that of an apostle,
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TITUS (EMPEROR)
such as we find it in the Epistles, and cannot be identified with that of the monarchical bishop.
Paul at the end of his life's work turns towards his disciple, though no reason is given in Tit 3'- ; but, as the churches of Crete need a present director, he promises to send Artemas or Tychicus to relieve Titus and permit him to join the Apostle in Nicopolis.
JUliclier thinks that Titus may have been the first Greek missionary to Crete and Dalmatia {PEE' xix. 8U0). No reliance is to be put upon the later ecclesiastical tradition, which, working upon the Epistle, calls him the first bishop of Crete (Eus. H£ in. iv. 6).
Literature. — See under Timothy and Titds, Epistles to ; A. Julicher, art. 'Titus,' in PRE^ xix. 798-800.
R. A. Falconer. TITUS (Emperor). — Titus, who was officially styled sometimes Imperator Titus Caesar Vespasi- anus Augustus, sometimes Imperator Titus Ves- pasianus Ciesar Augustus, was originally named Titus Flavins Vespasianus. He was the son of a man of the same name, the Emperor Vespasian (see under Vespasian), and of Domitilla, and was born at Rome on 30th December, A.D. 39. Titus was brought up and taught along with Britannicus, son of the Emperor Claudius {q.v.), at the Court of tlie latter. He was early distinguished for bodily strength and manly beauty, and was accomplished not only in bo.xing and riding, but also in oratory, music, and verse composition. He gained his first military experience as tribunus inilitum (colonel) in Germany and Britain, and served with distinc- tion. Afterwards he followed the usual career in the law courts, and at the same period married Arrecina Tertulla, daughter of the knight M. Arrecinus Clemens, who had been prefect of the prjetorian cohorts under Caligula. After her death he married Marcia Furnilla, a lady of high birth, who bore him a daughter Julia and was later divorced by him. Titus was quaestor about the year 65, and in the beginning of 67 he was in com- mand of a legion. Fiom that time till the middle of 68 he assisted his father in the conduct of the Jewish War. He began the work by bringing the fifteenth legion (Apollinaris) from Alexandria to Judsea in a very short time, considering that it was winter, and successfully besieged Jafl'a and Jotapata. Later he retired to Ptolemais, then to Caesarea on the coast, and afterwards to Caesarea Philippi, Scythopolis, and Tiberias. He gallantly besieged Tarichea, Gamala, and Gischala. In fact, all through the war his determined and skilled generalship was indispensable to his father. In