Ad'dus, a name twice occurring in the Apocrypha, but in both cases by interpolation.
1. (ASdovQ, perhaps for Addon.) One of the " chil- dren of Solomon's servants," whose sons are said to have returned from Babylon (1 Esdr. v, 34) ; but the genuine text (Ezra ii, 51) has no such name.
2. {'laSdov, as if for Jaddua.) A priest, after the captivity, who is said to have married a daughter of Berzelus, and hence assumed his name (1 Esdr. v, 38) ; evidently a corruption for Barzillai (q. v.) of the genuine text (Ezra ii, 61).
Adelaide, a city and capital of South Australia, which had, in 1855, a population of 20,000 souls and 15 churches. It is the see of a bishop of the Church of England, as well as of a Roman Catholic bishop. The former was established in 1847, and had, in 1859, 30 clergymen, among whom were 1 dean, 1 archdeacon, and 4 honorary canons. Adelaide had also an Episco- palian literary institution, called St. Peter's Collegiate School. See" Clergy List for 1800 (London, 1860, 8vo)-
Adelbert [Aldebert or Adalbert], a priest and irregular bishop of the eighth century, who obtain- ed great celebrity from his piety and zeal, and from his strifes in ecclesiastical matters with Boniface, the (so- called) apostle of Germany. Our knowledge of him is derived mostly from the account of his adversary, Boniface, who paints him in dark colors ; but the truth seems to be that he had much more of the spirit of the Gospel than was usual in his times. He opposed, for instance, pilgrimages to Rome, and advised sinners to " seek relief from the omnipresent God, or from Christ alone." Boniface charged him with various supersti- tious practices, and he was condemned by the Synod of Soissons, 744. — Neander, Ch. Hist, iii, 56 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, viii, pt. ii, ch. v, § 2.
Adelm or Adhelm. See Aldiielm.
Adeodatus, Pope, a Roman by birth, the son of Jovinian, succeeded Vitalianus in the papal chair, April 11, 672 ; governed four years, two months, and six days, and died June 17, 676. Nothing remains to us of Pope Adeodatus but his letters (Labbe, Concilia, vi, 523). See also Eder.
A'der (Heb. E'der, "in?, in pause A 'der, "ITS, a flock, i. q. Eder; Sept. 'QSip v. r. "Ec>ep), a chief Ben- jamite, " son" of Beriah, resident at Jerusalem (1 Chron. viii, 15), B.C. ante 588.
Adessenarii, or Impanators, a sect in the 16th century, who believed in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, but not in the full Roman dogma on that subject. The name is derived from the Latin word Adesse, "to be present." They held the so-called doc- trine of impanation, scil. "non adesse in Eucharistia Humanum seu Carneum C'hristi Corpus sumptum ex
B. Virgine Matre sed Corpus panaceum assumptum a Verbo." See Impanation.
Adiabene ('A&a/Jjji/q, sc. \iopa, probably from the river Zab or Diab), the principal of the six prov- inces into which Assyria was divided. Pliny {Hist. Nat. v, 12) and Ammianus (xxiii, 6, § 20) comprehend the whole of Assyria under this name, which, however, properly denoted only the province which was watered by the rivers Diab and Adiab, or the Great and Little Zab (Dhab), which flow into the Tigris below Nineveh (Mosul), from the north-east. The queen of this re- gion, Helena, and her son Izates, who became converts to Judaism, are very often named by Josephus {Ant. xx, 2, 4; War, ii, 16, 19; v, 4, 6, 11).
Adiaphora {acic'upopa), things indifferent. In eth- ics the term has been applied to actions neither ex- pressly commanded nor prohibited by the moral law, which may or may not be done. The question wheth- er such actions are possible, is affirmed by the Stoics, and, among the Scholastics, by Dun Scotus, but denied by Thomas Aquinas. At the time of the Reformation it gave rise to the Adiaphoristic Controversy (q. v.). The Pietists of the 17th and 18th centuries and the philosophers Wolf and Fichte rejected it. Modern writers on ethics generally agree with Schleiermacher, who {Phil. Sehriften, ii, 418) shows that this distinction can and ought to exist in state law, but cannot in the court of conscience. See, generally, Schmid, Adia- phora, wissenschaftlich und historisch untersucht (Leinz. 1809).
Adiaphoristic Controversies I. A dispute which arose in 1548 among the Lutheran reformers. The Augsburg Interim (q. v.) gave great offence to the Lutherans, as well as to the pope. Melancthon, Cam- erarius, Bugenhagen, and other divines were summon- ed by the Elector Maurice of Saxony to consider how far the Interim might be adopted in Germany. They decided that in "things indifferent" {in rebus adia- phoris) the emperor might be obeyed ; and they pre- pared the " Leipsic Interim," as a formula concordix and rule, especially, for the churches of Saxony. While it professed to yield no point of Protestant faith, it admitted the use of some of the Roman ceremonies, e. g. confirmation, use of candles, gowns, holidays, etc., matters which Melancthon considered adiaphora. The strict Lutherans charged their opponents (and justly) with Romanizing, not merely in things indifferent, but also in matters of faith ; e. g. with granting that the pope is head of the Church, even though not jure di- vino; allowing that there are seven sacraments; ad- mitting the use of extreme unction, and of other cere- monies. The controversy was continued with great bitterness until the adoption of the Augsburg Formida Concordia', 1555 ; but the topics of the Interim afforded matter for internecine strife among the Protestant theologians long after. See, generally, Schmid, Con- troversia de Adiaphoris (Jen. 1807).— Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xvi, § 3, pt. ii, ch. i : Planck, Geschichte der Protestant. Theol. i, p. 151-248 ; iii, p. 801-804, addit. on second Adiaphor. Controversy ; Hase, Ch. Hist. § 348, 351. Compare Flaci us; Interim; Melancthon; Synergistic Controversy.