hill, contains about 1000 houses, and is still a place of some commerce (Turner, Tour, iii, 265). The general appearance of the place, however, is poor, the houses being meanly built, and inhabited principally by Greek fishermen (Biisching, Erdbesch. v, 1, 91). From medals struck in this town, it appears that it celebrated the worship of Castor and Pollux (Acts xxviii, 11), as also that of Jupiter and Minerva (whose effigies appear in the preceding cut).
A'dria, or Adriatic Sea (Acpiac, Acts xxvii, 27), the modern Gulf of Venice (Forbiger, Alte Geogr. ii, Id sq.). It derives its name from the city Adria, in Cis- alpine Gaul, on the river Po, now called A tri. The name Adriatic is now confined to the gulf lying be- tween Italy on one side and the coasts of Dalmatia and Albania on the other .(comp. Plin}', iii, 10, 29). But in Paul's time it extended to all that part of the Mediterranean between Crete and Sicily (Smith's Diet, of Class. Geogr. s. v.). Thus Ptolemy (iii, 1G) says that Sicily was bounded on the east by the Adriatic, and that Crete was bounded by the Adriatic on the west ; and Strabo (ii, p. 185 ; vii, p. 488) says that the Ionian Gulf was a part of what was in his time called the Adriatic Sea (comp. Eustath. ad Dionys. Perieg. p. 103, 168, ed. Bernhardy; Josephus, Life, 3). This obviates the necessity of finding the island of Melita (q. v.), on which Paul was shipwrecked, in the present Adriatic gulf (Hacketfs Comment, in loc.) See Ship- wreck. On the modern navigation, see M'Culloch's Gazetteer, s. v. Adrian, Emperor. See Hadrian. Adrian, abbot of the monastery of Neridan, near Naples. Pope Vitalian selected him to fill the vacant see of Canterbury, but he refused, and induced the pope to select Theodore instead, promising that he would ac- company him. Accordingly Theodore was consecrated in 668 ; and upon their arrival in England, after a very long journey, Adrian was made abbot of the monastery of St. Augustine at Canterbury. By their united ef- forts the Church in England was brought into strict conformity with that of Rome. He died January 9th, 709.— Bede, Hist. Eccl. iv, 1 ; Hook, Eccl. Biog. i, G6.
Adrian I, Pope, elected in the room of Stephen III, Feb. 9th, 772. He was a man of large mental en- dowments and great perseverance, and all his powers were studiously devoted to the enlargement of the pa- pal power. Charlemagne, after defeating Desiderius and destroying the power of the Longobards in Italy in 774, went to Rome, where Adrian received him with high honors, acknowledging him king of Italy and patrician of Rome. Charlemagne, in turn, confirmed the grants made by Pepin to the Roman See, ami added also Ancona and Benevento. In a letter to Charle- magne, Adrian flatters him with the title of norm Chnstianissimus Cmstantinus. Charlemagne visited Rome again in 787, when Adrian christened his son Pepin. In the same year, upon the invitation of the Empress Irene of Constantinople, Adrian sent legates to the Second CEcumenical .Synod of Nice, by which image-worship was sanctioned. See Nice. In 794 he sent legates to the synod of Frankfort, which was presided over by Charlemagne, and condemned the Adoptianists (q. v.), but also image-worship, although Adrian, in a letter to the king (Mansi, xiii, p. 795), had declared, "Si quis sunrtas imagines Domini nostri Jesu Christi tt ejus genetrieu atque omnium, sanctorum secundum ,st. Patrum doctrinam w m rari noluerit, an iih- cma sit." Adrian wrote against the theological opin- ions of Felix of Urgel, and through his endeavors the Gregorian chant and rite were introduced, first at Metz, and subsequently in other churches of the em- pire. His fame is tarnished (sec Rudolph, De Codice Canonum quern Adrianus I Caroh Magna dedit, Erl. 1777) by the use which he made of the Pseudo-Isido. rian Decretals (q. v.). He died Dec. 26, 795, having occupied the see twenty-three years. Iu spite of his
ADRIAN
S2
ADRIAN
dispute with Charlemagne about image-worship, and also of the fact that he attempted a reply to the " Car- oline books" (q. v.) in his Libelhts responsorius ad Car- olum Magnum pro Synodo Nic. II, it is certain that Charlemagne was greatly distressed by his death. His Isagoge SS. Literarum may be found in the Critici Sacri, vol. viii. — Hoefer, Biographie Generate, s. v. ; Herzog, Rcal-Encyldopiidie, v, 447.
II, Pope, a native of Rome, elected Dec. 14th, 867, at the age of seventy-five, having twice before refused the pontificate. His term of office was almost wholly occupied in disputes with Lothaire, Charles the Bald, and the Greek Church. In the war of Charles the Bald against Louis II, Adrian declared in favor of the latter, and threatened every one with the "censure of the apostolic vengeance" (apostoliea? uttumis censurd) who should dare to invade the country " contrary to the divine and the apostolical will." This papal inter- ference in secular affairs was, however, sternly opposed by Archbishop Hincmar (q. v.) of Rheims. In letters to Charles the Bald and the synod of Duziacum (871), which had deposed Bishop Hincmar of Laon, notwith- standing his appeal to the pope, Adrian put forth the claim that bishops should be only deposed by the pope, not by particular s3rnods. Charles the Bald remon- strated, however, so energetically against this claim, that Adrian endeavored to gain his object by flatter- ies instead of threats. Adrian was called upon to act as arbiter between the Patriarch Photius of Constan- tinople and his opponent Ignatius. Adrian deposed Photius in a synod at Rome, and he sent delegates to the synod of Constantinople (869), which repeated the sentence against Phocius. During the pontificate of Adrian a synod was held at Rome which prohibited the marriage of priests. He died Nov. 25, 872. — Her- zog, Real-Encyklopadie, v, 448.