III, Pope, a Roman, elected March 1, 884, and oc- cupied the see only a year and four months. He was the first pope to change his name, having been called Agapetus before his elevation to the papal see. A de- cree is also attributed to him which provides that the emperor shall not meddle in the election of a pope. The Emperor Basilius urged him to admit the right of Photius to the see of Constantinople, and to admit him into communion, but Adrian steadiky refused. He died July 8, 885.
IV, Pope, an Englishman named Nicholas Break- speare, who raised himself from actual beggary and servitude to the highest place of dignity in the Church. He was a servant in the monastery of St. Rufus, near Avignon, and subsequently became its abbot in 1137. AVhen the monks denounced him to Pope Eugene III for his severit)', the pope, a disciple of Bernard of Clair- vaux, made him a cardinal, and legate to Norway. He possessed learning, eloquence, and generosity, but, at the same time, an extreme attachment to the privileges of the papal chair. In the year 1154, December 4, he was elected pope, and received the felicitations of Henry II of England, whose ambassadors were ac- companied by the monks of St. Al ban's, whom he mildly rebuked for having rejected him from their so- ciety in his youth on account of his ignorance. In the following year he placed under an interdict the city of Rome, because the followers of Arnold of Bres- cia had wounded a cardinal. The Romans were com- pelled to expel Arnold, who fell into the hands of Fred- eric Barbarossa, and the latter was prevailed upon by the pope to deliver Arnold over to him. Adrian then met the emperor at Lutri, and compelled him to hold his stirrup. Frederic accompanied the pope to Rome, and was crowned emperor (1155). Adrian also ex- eommuiih .itril King William of Sicily as a usurper of church property, raised his subjects against him, and put himself at the head of an army against the king. The latter finally had to consent to receive his king- dom as a papal lief. A letter of Adrian's to the empe-
ror and the German bishops, in which he stated that he had conferred the crown upon the emperor, and that the emperor had received benefices from him, led to a new conflict between him and the emperor, in which the German bishops generally sided with the emperor. Adrian, on his part, complained of the ex- actions of the imperial commissioners who were sent to administer justice at Rome without his participa- tion ; he maintained that the patrimony of the Church should be exempt from paying foderum, or feudal tribute to the emperor; and, lastky, he claimed the restitution of the lands and revenues of Countess Ma- tilda, of the duchy of Spoleti, and even of Corsica and Sardinia. Thus arose that spirit of bitter hostility between the popes and the house of Hohenstautfen, which lasted until the utter extinction of the latter. The pope was on the point of excommunicating the emperor when he died, September 1, 1159, so poor that he commended the support of his mother to the church of Canterbury. He transferred the pontifical see first to Orvieto, and afterward to Anagni, where lie resided until his death. He was the founder of the penny trib- ute to the papal chair in Ireland. He was also the author of dispensations concerning the accumulation of ecclesiastical benefices, and the residence-duty of the beneficiate, and the originator of papal mandates. Adrian probably did as much to extend the papal power as any other pope except perhaps Gregory VII. — Herzog, Real-Encyklopadie, v, 449 ; English Cyclo- paedia; Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen.
V, Pope, Othobon, of Fieschi. Was a native of Genoa, the son of Theodore of Fieschi, nephew of Pope Innocent IV. Having taken orders, he obtained, by the influence of his family, many valuable preferments, and was made a canon of Placenza, and archdeacon of Rheims, Parma, and Canterbury. In the latter capac- ity he held a synod in the church of St. Paul at London in 1268, where the Thirty-six Constitutions, known as those of Othobon, were published. On the 12th of July, 1276, he was elected pope, but was carried off by a sudden illness on the 18th of August in the fame year, before his consecration. — Biog. Univ. vol. i ; Lan- don, Eccles. Dictionary, i, 110.
VI, Pope, born at Utrecht, in 1459, of very humble parents, who could not afford to educate him. He was placed, however, in one of the charitable foundations at Louvain, arid was soon distinguished for piety and diligence in study. He was professor of theology, and subsequently chancellor of the university of Louvain. In 1507 he was appointed tutor to Charles V, who was ever after his friend, and aided in raising him to the papal chair (Rosch, Jets over Pans Adriaan VI Utrecht, 1836 ; Hotter, Die deutschen Papste). He had, in 1517, been created cardinal by Leo X, and on his death Adrian was elected pope, January 9, 1522, at a time when all German}' was in the flame of the Lutheran Reformation. Adrian set himself to reform the clergy, and to put down the Reformation. In his letter to the Diet of Nuremberg, 1522, in which he urged that Luther should be cut off as Huss and Je- rome had been, he still admitted that Luther's charges against the corruptions of the Church were just. "Confess," said he to the legate, ''without disguise, that God hath permitted this schism and this persecu- tion for the sins of mankind, and above all for those