Andreas Cbetensis {Andrew of Crete), so called because he was archbishop of that island. Born at Damascus about 035, he embraced the monastic state at Jerusalem, for which reason he is sometimes styled Ilierosolymitamis. lie was a vehement antagonist of the Monothelites, was ordained deacon at Constanti- nople, and shortly alter was mad" archbishop of Crete, which church lie governed for many years, and died at Mitylene at the end of the seventh century. Be-
sides his sermons, homilies, and orations, he wrote many hymns, some of which are still sung in the Greek churches. The Greek Church commemorates him as a saint on July 4. His remains are gathered under the title Opera Gr. et Lat. cum notis Combejis, fol. (Paris, 1G44). — Cave, Hist. Lit. anno 635 ; Land'on, Eccles. Diet, i, 352.
Andreas, archbishop of Grain in Austria, one of the forerunners of Luther, lived in the second half of the fifteenth century. Having been sent by the Em- peror Frederick III to Rome, he was scandalized at the manners of the Roman court. Andreas urged the necessity of a reform of the church upon the cardinals and the pope, who at first praised his zeal, but when Andreas became more urgent had him put in prison in 1482. Having been liberated through the interven- tion of Emperor Frederick III, he went to Basle, and attempted to convoke another general council. Pub- lic opinion and the universities showed to him a great deal of sympathy, but the pope excommunicated him and all who would give him an asylum. When the city of Basle refused to expel Andreas, the papal leg- ate put it under the interdict, to which, however, no one paid any attention except the Carmelite monks, who on that account were refused any alms b}' the cit- izens, and nearly starved to death. After a long ne- gotiation between the pope and the emperor, Andreas was summoned to retract, and when he refused he was put in prison, where, after a few months, he was found hung, in 1484 — on the same day, it is said, when Lu- ther was born. His body was put in a barrel, and, through the executioner, thrown into the _ Rhine. — Hoefer, Biog. Gin: rule.
Andreas, or Andrea . Johann Valentin, grand- son of James, was born at Herrenberg, Aug. 17, 1586. After completing his academic course at Tubingen, he travelled for some j'ears as tutor. In 1614 he became deacon at Vaihingen, where he labored zealously six years as preacher and writer, directing his efforts mainly against formalism and mysticism. Himself a practical Christian, he mourned over the frivolous learning and pedantry of the time, and directed his life and labors against it. But instead of attacking them in the usual way, he adopted wit and satire as his weapons. He wrote Menippus, sive Satyrieorum dialogorum centuria against unpractical orthodoxy, and Alethea E.< id against cabalistic theosophy. His Fama Fratemitatis Rosee Crucis (1614), and Con/issio frater- niiatis R. C. (1615), were an ironical attack on the se- cret societies of his times. Those who did not under- stand the mystification ascribed to him the foundation of the Rosicrucians (q. v.). He wrote again, and book after book, to show that his first work was fictitious, and designed to teach a useful lesson; but nobody would believe him at first. But finally he was under- stood, and " no satire was probably ever attended with more beneficial results." His real object was to over- throw the idols of the time in literature and religion, and to bring the minds of men back to Christ ; and no writer of his time did more to accomplish this end. He removed to Calv in 1620, where, after the battle of Nbrdlingen, 1631, he lost his library and other prop- erty. He died at Adelsberg, June 27, 1654. For a further account of him, sec Ilossbach, Andrea und sein Zeitidter (Berlin, 1819); Hurst, History of Rationalism, chap, i; Rheinwald, Andrea? Vita ab ipso conscripta (Berl. 1819) ; Hase, Church History, § 380.
An'drew ('Avc*peac, manly), one of the twelve apostles. His name is of Greek origin (A then, xv, 675 ; vii, 312), but was in use among the later Jews (Josephus, Ant. xii, 2, 2; see Dio Cass, lxviii, 32; comp. Diod. Sic. Exverpta Vat. p. 14, ed. Lips.), as appears from a passage quoted from the Jerusalem Talmud by Lightfoot (Harmony, Luke v, 10). He was a native of the city of Bethsaida in Galilee (John i, 44), and brother of Simon Peter (Matt, iv, 18 ; x,
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2 ; John i, 41). He was at first a disciple of John the I Baptist (John i, 39), and was led to receive Jesus as the Messiah in consequence of John's expressly point- ing him out as "the Lamb of God" (John i, 30), A.D. 26. His first care, after he had satisfied himself as to the validity of the claims of Jesus, was to bring to him his brother Simon. Neither of them, however, became at that time stated attendants on our Lord ; for we find that they were still pursuing their occupa- tion as fishermen on the Sea of Galilee when Jesus, after John's imprisonment, called them to follow him (Matt, iv, 18 sq. ; Mark i, 16, 17). A.D. 27. See Peter. In two of the lists of the apostles (Matt, x, 2 ; Luke vi, 13) he is named in the first pair with Peter, but in Mark iii, 18, in connection with Philip, and in Acts i, 13, with James. In accompanying Jesus he appears as one of the confidential disciples (Mark xiii, 3; John vi, 8 ; xii, 22), but he is by no means to be confound- ed (as by Lutzelberger, Kirchl. Tradit. fiber Joh. p. 199 sq.)\vith the beloved disciple of the fourth Gospel (see Liicke, Comm. ub. Joh. i, 653 sq. ; Maier, Comm. zu Joh. i, 43 sq.). Very little is related of Andrew by any of the evangelists : the principal incidents in which his name occurs during the life of Christ are the feeding of the five thousand (John vi, 9), his in- troducing to our Lord certain Greeks who desired to see him (John xii, 22), and his asking, along with his brother Simon and the two sons of Zebedee, for a further explanation of what our Lord had said in ref- erence to the destruction of the temple (Mark xiii, 3). Of his subsequent history and labors we have no au- thentic record. Tradition assigns Scythia (Eusebius, iii, 1, 71), Greece (Theodoret, i, 1425 ; Jerome, Ep. 148 ad Mara.), and, at a later date, Asia Minor, Thrace (Hippolytus, ii, 30), and elsewhere (Niceph. ii, 39), as the scenes of his ministry. It is supposed that he founded a church in Constantinople, and ordained Stachys (q. v.), named by Paul (Rom. xvi, 9), as its first bishop. At length, the tradition states, he came to Patraj, a city of Achaia, where YEgeas, the procon- sul, enraged at his persisting to preach, commanded him to join in sacrifices to the heathen gods ; and upon the apostle's refusal, he ordered him to be severely scourged and then crucified. To make his death the more lingering, he was fastened to the cross, not with nails, but with cords. Having hung two days, prais- ing God, and exhorting the spectators to the faith, he is said to have expired on the 30th of November, but in what year is uncertain. The cross is stated to have been of the form called Crux decussata ( X ), and com- monly known as " St. Andrew's cross;" but this is doubted by some (see Lepsius, De cruee, i, 7 ; Sagittar. De cruciatib. martyr, viii, 12). His relics, it is said, were afterward removed from Patrrc to Constantinople. (Comp. generally Fabric. Cod. Apocr>/ph. i, 45G sq. ; Salut. Lux Evimrj. p. 98 sq. ; Menolog. Grcecor. i, 221 sq. ; Perionii Pit. Apostol. p. 82 sq. ; Andr. de Sassy, An- dreasf rater Petri, Par. 1646.) See Apostle.