Androni'cus ('AvSpovucoc, man-conquering), the name (frequent among the Greeks) of several men in Scripture history. j 1. An officer left as viceroy ((•(offvu/itj-oc, - Mace, iv, 31) in Antioch by Antiochus Epiphanes during his absence (B.C. 171). Menelaus availed himself of the I opportunity to secure his good offices by offering him j some golden vessels which he had taken from the I temple. When Onias III (q. v.) was certainly as- ' sured that the sacrilege had been committed, he sharp- ly reproved Menelaus for the crime, having previously taken refuge in the sanctuary of Apollo and Artemis at Daphne. At the instigation of Menelaus, Androni- | cus induced Onias t.o leave the sanctuary, and imme- diately put him to death in prison (irapeic\Eioiv, 2 Mace, iv, 34?). This murder excited general indig- nation ; and on the return of Antiochus, Andronicus was publicly degraded and executed (2 Mace, iv, 30- I 38), B.C. 169. Josephus places the death of Onias I before the high-priesthood of Jason {Ant. xii, 5, 1), and omits all mention of Andronicus; but there is not suf- . lieient reason to doubt the truthfulness of the narra-
ANDRONICUS
225 ANGEL
tive in 2 Mace, as "YVernsdorf has done (De fide libr. Mace. p. 90 sq.)-— Smith, s. v.
2 . Another officer of Antiochus Epiphanes who was left by him on Gerizim (2 Mace, v, 23), probably in occupa£ion of the temple there. As the name was common, it seems unreasonable to identify this gen- eral with the former one, and so to introduce a contra- diction into the history (Ewald, Gesch. d. Volkes Isr. iv, 335 n. ; comp. Grimm, 2 Mace, iv, 38). He was possibly the same with the Andronicus, son of Messa- lamus, mentioned by Josephus {Ant. xiii, 3, 4) as hav- ing convinced Ptolemy (Philometor) of the orthodox}' of the temple at Jerusalem in opposition to that of the Samaritans.
3. A Jewish Christian, the kinsman and fellow- prisoner of Paul, who speaks of him as having been converted to Christianity before himself, and as now enjoying the high regards of the apostles for his use- fulness (Rom. xvi, 7), A.D. 55. According to Hip- polytus, he became bishop of Pannonia ; according to Dorotheus, of Spain. See the treatises of Bose, De Andronico et Junto (Lips. 1742); Orlog, De Romavis quibus Paulus epistolam misit (Hafn. 1722).
Andronicus. See Andronicians.
Andrus, Luman, a pious and devoted Methodist preacher, born in Litchlield, Ct., 1778, and entered the ministry in 1810, laboring effectively in Connecti- cut and New York until superannuated in 1834. He died in 1852.
Anecdota (dviKCora, not given out), a term ap- plied to the unpublished works of ancient writers. Thus Muratori entitles the works of the Greek fa- thers which he gathered from various libraries, and published for the first time, Anecdota Grceca. Mar- tene stj'les his work of a similar nature Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novus.
A'nem (Ileb. Anem , C3!?, two fountains; Sept. 'kvcifi v. r. Aivdv), a Levitical city with "suburbs," in the tribe of Issachar, assigned to the Gershonites, and mentioned in connection with Kamoth (1 Chron. vi, 73). It is called En-Gannim (q. v.) in Josh, xix, 21 ; xxi, 29.
A'ner (Heb. Aner', 155, perhaps a boy), the name of a man and of a place.
1. (Sept. Avvdv.) A Canaanitish chief in the neighborhood of Hebron, who, with two others, Eshcol and Mamre, joined his forces with those of Abraham in pursuit of Chedorlaomer and his allies, who had pil- laged Sodom and carried Lot away captive (Gen. xiv, 13, 24), B.C. cir. 2080. These chiefs did not, how- ever, imitate the disinterested conduct of the patriarch, but retained their portion of the spoil. See Abra- ham.
2. (Sept. 'Evi)p v. r. 'Avdp.) A cit}' of Manasseh, given to the Levites of Kohath's family (1 Chron. vi, 7i I). Gesenius supposes this to be the same with the Iaanach (q. v.) of Judg. i, 27, or Tanach (Josh. xxi, 25).
An'ethothite, An'etothite, less correct forms of Anglicizing the word Anathotiiite. See Ana- thoth. The variations in the orthography of the name, both in Hebrew and the A. V., should lie noticed. 1. The city : In 1 Kings ii, 26, and Jer. xxxii, 9, it is nnr, and similarly in 2 Sam. xxiii, 27, with the arti- cle ; Anathoth. 2. The citizens : Anethothite, 2 Sam. xxiii, 27; Anetothite, 1 Chron. xxvii, 12; Antothite, 1 Chron. xi, 28 ; xii, 3. " Jeremiah of Anathoth," Jer. xxix, 27, should be "Jeremiah the Anathotiiite."
Anethum. See Anise.
Angareuo (ayyaptva), to impress; Vulg. angario; Matt, v, 41 ; Mark xv, 21), translated "compel" (q. v.) in the Auth. Vers., is a word of Persian, or rather of Tatar origin, signifying to compel to serve as an ciyyapoq or mounted courier (Xenoph. Cyrop. viii, 6, 17 and 18 ; Athen. iii, 94, 122 ; iEsch. Again. 282; P
Pers. 217 ; Plut. De Alex. p. 32C). The word ankarie or angharie, in Tatar, means compulsory work with- out pay. Herodotus (viii, 98) describes the system of the dyyaptia. He says that the Persians, in order to make all haste in carrying messages, have relays of men and horses stationed at intervals, who hand the dispatch from one to another without interruption either from weather or darkness, in the same way as the Greeks in their \apnraCi)<popia. This horse-post the Persians called ayyapi)iov. In order to effect the object, license was given to the couriers by the gov- ernment to press into the service men, horses, and even vessels (comp. Esth. viii, 14). Hence the word came to signify " press," and dyyaptia is explained by Suidas {Lex. s. v.) as signifying to extort public serv- ice. Persian supremacy introduced the practice and the name into Palestine ; and Lightfoot (On Matt, v, 41) says the Talmudists used to call any oppressive service K^MX (see Buxtorf, Lex. Talm. col. 131). Among the proposals made by Demetrius Soter to Jonathan the high-priest, one was that the beasts of the Jews should not be taken (dyyaptvtaSai) for the public use (Josephus,, Ant. xiii, 2, 3). The system was also adopted by the Piomans, and thus the word "angario" came into use in later Latin. Pliny (Ep. x, 14, 121, 122) alludes to the practice of thus expe- diting public dispatches. Chardin (Travels, p. 257) and other travellers (e. g. Col. Cambell, Trav. pt. ii, p. 92 sq.) make mention of it. The dyyapoi were also called civTavSca (Stephens, Thesaur. Gr. p. ccclxxix). The word is also applied to the imposition of our Sav- iour's cross upon Simon the Cyrenian (Matt, xxvii, 32). See Kuindl, Comment, on Matt, v, 41, and the litera- ture there referred to ; Rawlinson's Herodotus, iv, 285.