In the eighteenth century Antinomianism again showed itself, both in the Church of England and among the Dissenters, as an offshoot of what was called High Calvinism. Its most powerful opponents were John Fletcher, in his Checks to Antinomianism {Works, N. Y. ed. 4 vols. 8vo) and John Wesley, Works (N. Y. ed. 7 vols. 8vo). The error of Antinomianism lies chiefly in the sharp contrast which it draws between the law and the Gospel. Wesley saw this, and dwells, in many parts of his writings, on the relation and connection ] of law and Gospel. We give an instance : " There is no contrariety at all between the law and the Gospel. Indeed, neither of them supersedes the other, but they agree perfectly well together. Yea, the very same words, considered in different respects, are parts both of the law and of the Gospel. If they are considered as commandments, they are parts of the law; if as promises, of the Gospel. Thus, ' Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart,' when considered as a commandment, is a branch of the law ; when re- garded as a promise, is an essential part of the Gos- pel— the Gospel being no other than the commands of the law proposed by way of promise. There is, there- fore, the closest connection that can be conceived be- tween the law and the Gospel. On the one hand, the law continually makes way for, and points us to the Gospel; on the other, the Gospel continually leads us to a more exact fulfilling of the law. The law, for in- stance, requires us to love God, to love our neighbor, to be meek, humble, or holy. We feel that we are not sufficient for these things ; yea, that ' with man this is impossible.' But we see a promise of God to give us that love. We lay hold of this Gospel, of these glad tidings ; it is done unto us according to our faith ; and ' the righteousness of the law is fulfilled in us' through faith which is in Christ Jesus. The moral law, con- tained in the Ten Commandments, and enforced by the prophets, Christ did not take away. It was not the design of his coming to revoke any part of this. This is a law which never can be broken, which 'stands fast as the faithful witness in heaven.' The moral stands on an entirely different foundation from the ceremonial or ritual law, which was only designed for a temporary restraint upon a disobedient and stiff- necked people ; whereas this was from the beginning of the world, being written, not in tables of stone, but OB the hearts of all men" (Sermons, i, 17, and 223). The heresy showed itself at a later period, es- pecially through the influence of Dr. Robert Hawk- er (q. v.), vicar of Charles the Martyr, Plymouth, who was a very popular preacher, and "poisoned the surrounding region" with Antinoniian tendencies. Against him, Joseph ( !ottle wrote Strictures on the Plym* outh Antinomians, and Burt, Observations en Hawker's System of Theology. See Robert. Hall, Works (N. Y. ii, 458); Bennett, History of the Dissenters, p. 344. A full account of the Antinomians of the Crispian type, and of the controversy about it, is given in Nelson, Lift of Bishop Bull (vol. vii of Bull's Works, ed. of 1827). <>n the English Antinomianism, sec further, Gataker, God's Eye on Israel (Lond. 1645, 4to); Antidote
against Error (London, 1670, 4to) ; Williams (Daniel), Works, vol. iii (1738-50); Witsius, Animadversitnti Irenicce (Miscell. ed. 1736, ii, 591 sq.) ; Wesley, Works, i, 225 ; v, 196 ; vi, 68 et al. ; Neal, History of the Pu- ritans, iv ; Fletcher, Works (4 vols. N. Y.) ; Andrew Fuller, Gospel worthy of all Acceptation; Antinomian- ism contrasted with Scripture (Works, edition of 1853); Watson, Thiol. Institutes, ii, 140. On Agricola and the German Antinomianism, consult Nitzsch, De Aniino- mismo Agricola (Wurtemb. 1804); Elwert, De Antino- mia Agricolas (Tur. 1836) ; Nitzsch, in Studien u. Krit. 1846, pt. i and ii ; also Schulze, Hist. Antinomorum str- culo Lutheri (Vitemb. 1708) ; Wewetzer, De Antinomis- mo Agricolee (Strals. 1829) ; Murdoch's Mosheim, Ch. Hist. c. xvi, pt. ii, ch. i, § 25 ; Herzog, Eeal-Encyklopd. die, i, 375, sq. See Antonians.
An'tioch ('Ai>noYfi«, from Antiochus), the name of two places mentioned in the New Testament.
1. Antioch in Syria. — A city on the banks of the Orontes, 300 miles north of Jerusalem, and about 30 from the Mediterranean. This metropolis was situ- ated where the chain of Lebanon, running northward, and the chain of Taurus, running eastward, are brought to an abrupt meeting. Here the Orontes breaks through the mountains ; and Antioch was placed at a bend of the river, partly on an island, partly on the level which forms the left bank, and partly on the steep and craggy ascent of Mount Silpius, which rose abruptly on the south. It was in the province of Se- leucis, called Tetrapolis, from containing the four cities Antioch, Selcucia, Apamea, and Laodicea; of which the first was named after Antiochus, the father of the founder ; the second after himself ; the third after his wife Apama ; and the fourth in honor of his mother. The same appellation (Tetrapolis, Terpa7roXic) was given also to Antioch, because it consisted of four townships or quarters, each surrounded by a separate wall, and all four by a common wall. The first was built by Seleucus Nicator, who peopled it with inhab- itants from Antigonia ; the second by the settlers be- longing to the first quarter; the third by Seleucus Callinicus; and the fourth by Antiochus Epiphanes (Strabo, xvi, 2; iii, 354). 'It was the metropolis of Syria (Tac. Hist, ii, 79), the residence of the Syrian kings, the Seleucidse (1 Mace, iii, 37 ; vii, 2), and aft- erward became the capital of the Roman provinces in Asia. It ranked third, after Rome and Alexandria, among the cities of the empire Josephus, War, iii, 2, 4), and was little inferior in size and splendor to the latter or to Seleucia (Strabo, xvi, 2 ; iii, 355, ed. Tauch.). Its suburb Daphne was celebrated for its grove and fountains (Strabo, xvi, 2; iii, 356, ed. Tauch.), its asylum (2 Mace, iv, 33), and temple dedicated to Apollo and Diana. The temple and the village were deeply bosomed in a thick grove of lau- rels and cypresses which reached as far as a circum- ference of ten miles, and formed in the most sultry summers a cool and impenetrable shade. A thousand streams of the purest water, issuing from every hill, preserved the verdure of the earth and the tempera- ture of the air (Gibbon, ch. xxiii). Hence Antioch was called Epidap/ines (Avnovaa V *""* Aaiprg, Jo- sephus, Ant. xvii, 2, 1 ; Epidaphnes cognominata, I'lin. Hist. Nat. v, 18). It was very populous; within 150 years after its erection the Jews slew 100,000 persons in it in one day (1 Mace, xi, 47). In the time of Chrysostom the population was computed at 200,000, of whom one half, or even a greater proportion, were professors of Christianity (Chrysos. Adv. Jud. i, 588; Horn, in Ignat. ii, 597; "in Matt. Horn. 85, vii, 810). Chrysostom also states that the Church at Antioch maintained 3000 poor, besides occasionally relieving many more (In Matt. Hon. vii, 658). Cicero speaks of the city as distinguished by men of learning and the cultivation of the arts ( Pro Arc/iia, 3). A multi- tude of Jews resided in it. Seleucus Nicator granted them the rights of citizenship, and placed them on a