ANTIOCH
20S
ANTIOCH
die of the fifteenth century the three patriarchs of Al- exandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem convoked a synod, and renounced all connection with the Latin Church (see Cellar. Notlt. ii, 417 sq. ; Richter, Wallfahrt, p. 281 ; Mannert, VI, i, 467 sq.).
Coins of Antioch in Syria, with Heads of R
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Antioch at present belongs to the pashalic of Ha- leb (Aleppo), and bears the name of Antahia (Pococko, ii, 277 sq. ; Niebuhr, iii, 15 sq.). The inhabitants are said to have amounted to twenty thousand before the earthquake of 1822, which destroyed four or five thou- sand. On the south-west side of the town is a precip- itous mountain ridge, on which a considerable portion of the old Roman wall of Antioch is still standing, from 30 to 50 feet high and 15 feet in thickness. At short intervals 400 high square towers are built up in it, containing a staircase and two or three chambers, probably for the use of the soldiers on duty. At the east end of the western hill are the remains of a for- tress, with its turrets, vaults, and cisterns. Toward the mountain south-south-west of the city some frag- ments of the aqueducts remain. After heavy rains antique marble pavements are visible in many parts of the town ; and gems, carnelians, and rings are fre- quently found. The present town stands on scarcely one third of the area enclosed by the ancient wall, of which the line ma}' bo easily traced; the entrance to the town from Aleppo is by one of the old gates, called Bab Bablous, or Paul's sate, not far from which the members of the Greek Church assemble for their de- votions in a cavern dedicated to St. John (Madox's Excursions, ii, 74; Buckingham, ii, 475; Monro's Sum- mer Ramble, ii, 140-143; Conybeare and Howson's Life and Epistles of St. Paul, i, 121-120). The great
(iato <>f St. I'aul, Aiitiiicli.
authority for all that is known of ancient Antioch is Midler's Antiquitates Antwchence (Gott. 1839). Mod- ern A ntakia is a shrunken and miserable place. Some of the walls, shattered by earthquakes, are described in Chesney's account of the Euphrates Expedition (i, 310 sq. ; comp. the history, ib. ii, 423 sq.), where also is given a view of the gateway which still bears the name of St. Paul. — Kitto, s. v. ; Smith, s. v.
ANTIOCH, COUNCILS OF. Among the more important of the councils held at Antioch are the fol- lowing :
In 252, by the patriarch Fabius, or Fabianus, or his successor, Demetrius, concerning the Novatian heresy (Labbe, i, 719). In 264, against Paul of Sa- mosata {ibid. p. 843). In 269, when Paul was deposed and anathematized (ibid. p. 893). In 330, against the patriarch Eustathius, who was falsely accused of Sa- bellianism and adultery, and deposed. In 341 (Cone, in Encceniis), on occasion of the dedication of the great church of Antioch ; ninety-seven bishops were pres- ent, of whom forty at least were Arians. This synod was probably orthodox in its commencement, but de- generated into a pseudo-synod, in which, after the de- parture of the orthodox majority, the remaining Arians condemned Athanasius; and, in all probability, the "Three Chapters" [see Chapters] were then com- posed. In 344, by the Arian bishops, in which the ftaKpoarixoc, or long confession of faith, was drawn up. In 354, by thirty Arian bishops, who again con- demned Athanasius, because he had returned to his see without being first synodically declared innocent (Soz. lib. iv, cap. 8). In 358, at which Homousianism and Homoiousianism were both condemned/ In 3G3, in which Acacius of C'ssarea and other Arians admit- ted the Nicene faith (ibid, ii, 825). In 367, in which the word " consubstantial" was rejected (ibid). In 380, in which Meletius, at the head of one hundred and forty-five bishops, confirmed the faith of the coun- cil of Rome in 378 (Vales, ad Theod. lib. v, cap. 3). In 433, in which John of Antioch and Cyril were rec- onciled (Labbe, iii, 1265). In 435, in which the mem- ory of Theodorus of Mopsuestia was defended and Proclus's work on him approved. In 440, against Theodorus of Mopsuestia. In 451, on the conversion of the Eutychians (Labbe, iv). In 560, in defence of the council of Chalcedon. In 781, for the worship of images, under Theodorus. In 1806 the bishops of the united Greek Church held, under the presidency of the papal patriarch, a synod, known under the name synod of Antioch, in the convent of Carrapha, in the diocese of Beyrut, and endorsed the Gallican and anti-papal resolutions of the synod of Pistoja (q. v.). Nevertheless their proceedings received the approba- tion of the papal delegate, and were published, with his approbation, in 1810, in the Arabic language. But in 1834 Pope Gregorj' XVI ordered the Melchite patri- arch to furnish an Italian translation of the proceed- ings, and then condemned them by a brief of Sept. 16, 1835. — Landon, Manual of Councils; Smith, Tables of Church Hist.
ANTIOCH, PATRIARCHATE OF. Tradition reports that St. Peter was the first bishop of Antioch, but there is no historical proof of it. It is certain, however, that the Church of Antioch stood prominent in the early ages of the Church, and its see was held by Ignatius and other eminent men. Its bishops ranked in the early Church only after those of Rome and Alexandria. When the bishop of Constantinople received his rank next to that of Rome, Antioch oc- cupied the fourth rank among the episcopal sees. In the fifth century the bishop of Antioch received, to- gether with the bishops of the other prominent sees, the title patriarch (q. v.). In the fourth century this powerful Church included not less than a hundred thousand persons, three thousand of whom were sup- ported out of the public donations. It is painful to trace the progress of declension in such a church as