ANTIOCH
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ANTIOCH
this. But the period now referred to, namely, the age of Chr}'sostom, toward the close of the fourth cen- tury, may be considered as the brightest of its history subsequent to the apostolic age, and that from which the Church at Antioch may date its fall. It contin- ued, indeed, outwardly prosperous ; but superstition, secular ambition, the pride of life ; pomp and formal- ity in the service of God in place of humility and sin- cere devotion ; the growth of faction and the decay of charity, showed that real religion was fast disap- pearing, and that the foundations were laid of that great apostasy which, in two centuries from this time, overspread the whole Christian world, led to the en- tire extinction of the Church in the East, and still holds dominion over the fairest portions of the West. For many years, up to the accession of Theodosius, the Arians filled the see ; and after the council of Chalce- don Peter Fullo and others who refused to acknowl- edge that synod occupied the patriarchal throne ; but of them all the worst was Severus, the abettor of the Monophysite heresy (A.D. 512-518). His fol- lowers were so many and powerful, that they were able to appoint a successor of the same opinions ; and from that time to the present there has been a Mono- physitic or Jacobite patriarch of Antioch, who, however, iixed his see, not at Antioch itself, like all the former, but at Tacrita, in Mesopotamia, and at the present daj- in Diarbekir. The rest of the patriarchate of Antioch, after the separation between the Eastern and Western Churches, constituted a part of the Greek Church. In it there is still a patriarch of Antioch, yet with only a small district, and subordinate to the patriarch of Constantinople. For those Greeks and Jacobites who were prevailed upon to enter into a union with the Roman Church, two patriarchs, bear- ing the title patriarch of Antioch, are appointed, one for the united Greeks, and one for the united Syrians. The provinces of the ancient patriarchate were as follows :
1. Syria Prima. 7. Syria Secunda.
2. Phoenicia Prima. 8. The Enphratean province.
3. Phoenicia Secunda. 9. Province of Osrhoene.
4. Arabia'. 10. Mesopotamia.
5. Cilicia Prima. 11. Isauria. C. Cilicia Secunda.
The province of Theodorias, composed of a few cities in the two Syrias, was afterward formed by the Em- peror Justinian. It is a question whether the region of Persia, which in the time of Constantine the Great was filled with Christians, was included in the patri- archate of Antioch. Peter, patriarch of Antioch in the eleventh century, William of Tyre, and the Arabic canons, assert that such was the case. The Chris- tians now in Persia are Nestorians, and disclaim any subjection to the see of Antioch. It was the ancient custom of tliis patriarchate for the patriarch to conse- crate the metropolitans of his diocese, who in their turn consecrated and overlooked the bishops of their respective provinces ; in which it differed from the Church of Alexandria, where each individual diocese depended immediately upon the patriarch, who ap- pointed every bishop. The patriarch of the Sj'fian Jacobites styles himself " Patriarch of Antioch, the city of God, and of the whole East." — Lardner, Works, iv, 558 sq. ; Historic/, Patriarrharum A ntioch. in Le Quicn, Oriens Christian, torn, ii ; Boschii Tract, hist. chronol. de Patriarchis Antioch. (Tenet. 1748). See Jacobites and Greek Church.
ANTIOCH, SCHOOL OF, a theological seminary which arose at the end of the fourth century, but which had been prepared for a century before by the learned presbyters of the Church of Antioch. It dis- tinguished itself by diffusing a taste for scriptural knowledge, and aimed at a middle course in Biblical Hernieneutics, between a rigorously literal and an al- legorical method of interpretation (see Munter, Ueb. d. Antiochien. Schulen, in Staudlin, Arch'.v. i, 1, 1). Sev- eral other seminaries sprung up from it in the Syrian
Church. As distinguished from the school of Alexan- dria, its tendency was logical rather than intuitional or mystical. The term school of Antioch is used also to denote the theological tendencies of the Syrian Church clergy. Nestorianism arose out of the bosom of this school. Gieseler gives the following names as belong- ing to it: Julius Africanus of Nicopolis (A.D. 232); Dorotheus (A.D. 290); Lucian (A.D. 311).— Neander, Ch. Hist, ii, 150, 352, etc. ; Gieseler, Ch. Hist. per. i, div. iii, § 03 ; Neander, Hist, of Dogmas, i, 265 ; ii, 328.
2. Antioch in Pisidia, being a border city, was considered at different times as belonging to different provinces (see Cellar. Notit. ii, 187 sq.). Ptolemy (v, 5) places it in Pamphylia, and Strabo (xii, 577) in Phrygia (see Smith's Diet, of Class. Geog. s. v.). It was founded by Scleucus Nicator, and its first inhab- itants were from Magnesia on the Majander. After the defeat of Antiochus (III) the Great by the Ro- mans, it came into the possession of Eumenes. king of Pergamos, and was afterward transferred to Amyn- tas. On his death the Romans made it the seat of a proconsular government, and invested it with the privileges of a Colonia Juris Italici, which included a freedom from taxes and a municipal constitution sim- ilar to that of the Italian towns (Ulpianus, lib. 50). Antioch was noted in earl}- times for the wor- ship of Men Arcams, or Lunus. Numerous slaves and extensive es- tates were annexed to the service of the tem- ple; but it was abol- ished after the death of Amyntas (Strabo, xii, 8 ; iii, 72). When Paul and Barnabas vis- ited this citj' (Acts xiii, 14), they found a Jew- ish s}rnagogue and a considerable number of proselytes, and met with great success among the Gentiles (ver. 48) ; but, through the violent opposition of the Jews, were obliged to leave the place, which they did in strict accordance with their Lord's injunction (ver. 51, compared with Matt. x, 14 ; Luke ix, 5). On Paul's return from Lystra, he revisited Antioch for the purpose of strengthening the minds of the disciples (Acts xiv, 21). He probably vis- ited Antioch again at the beginning of his second jour- ney, when Silas was his associate, and Timothy, who was a native of this neighborhood, had just been add- ed to the party (2 Tim. iii, 11). See Paul.