Antiphonarium or Antiphonary, a Roman service-book containing all the anthems, responsaries, collects, and whatever else was said or sung in the choir, except the lessons. It is sometimes called the responsorium, from the responses contained in it. The author of the Roman antiphonary was Gregory the Great. We read of nocturnal and diurnal antiphona- ries, for the use of daily and nightly offices ; of sum- mer and winter antiphonaries ; also antiphonaries for country churches. These and many other popish books were forbidden to be used by the 3 and 4 Ed- ward VI. — Farrar, Eccl. Diet. s. v. See Antiphon.
Antipope (from cirri, against, i. e. a rival pope), a pontiff elected by the will of a sovereign, or the in- trigues of a faction, in opposition to one canonical!}- chosen. The emperors of Germany were the first to set up popes of their own nomination against those whom the Romans had elected without consulting them. Otho the Great displaced successively two bishops of Rome; and when Sylvester III had expelled from the capital of Christendom Benedict IX, whose profligacy had compromised in the eyes of all men the honor of the sovereign pontificate, Conrad II, king of Germany, brought back this worthless pastor, who hastened to sell his dignity to Gregory VI. As Bene- dict, however, soon repented of this transaction, there were now three popes at a time, and their number was increased to four by the election of Clement II in 1046. Shortly after, Alexander II found a rival in Honorius II ; and in 1080 the same unseemly spectacle was witnessed, when Henry IV, emperor of Germany, elevated to the papal chair Guibert of Ravenna, under the title of Clement III, in opposi- tion to his implacable adversary, Gregory VII. But after the death of Gregory Clement was himself op- posed successively by Victor III and Urban II, and at last died at a distance from Rome, having just beheld the exaltation of Pascal II as the successor of Urban. During the twelfth century several antipopes flour- ished, such as Gregory VIII and Honorius III. On the death of the latter, France began to intermeddle in these disgraceful strifes, and upheld the cause of Innocent II against Anaclet; while the kings of Sici- ly, on the other hand, frequently set up a pontiff of their own against the choice of the emperors. The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries swarm with anti- popes ; but what specially deserves notice is "the great schism of the West," produced by these shame- less rivalries in 1378 — a schism which divided the Church for fifty years. It broke out after the death of Gregory XI, at the election of Urban VI, whom the voice of the Roman people, demanding an Italian pope, and not one who should fix his pontificate, like several of his predecessors, at a distance from Rome, had elevated to the papal throne. The French car. dinals objected, withdrew to Provence, and elected a
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new pope, under the name of Clement VII, who was recognised by France, Spain, Savoy, and Scotland; while Italy, Germany, England, and the whole north of Europe, supported Urban VI. These two popes ex- communicated each other ; nor did they even fear to compromise their sacred character by the most cruel outrages and the most odious insults. The schism continued after their death, when three popes made their appearance " in the field, " all of whom were de- posed by the Council of Constance in 1415, and Cardi- nal Colonna elected in their room, under the title of Martin V. The last antipope was Clement VIII. "With him the schism ceased ; but the evil was done, and nothing could remedy it. The dogma of papal infallibility had received a mortal wound "in the house of its friends," and the scepticism induced on this point rapidly extended to others. — Chambers, En- cyclopmdia, s. v. See Pope ; Papacy.
Antiquities, Sacred, a term that may be con- sidered as embracing whatever relates to the religious, political, social, domestic, and individual life, not only of the Hebrew race, but also of those kingdoms, tribes, and persons that were connected with, or more or less influenced by the chosen people (with the exception of history and biography) in the several stages of its development prior to the capture of Jerusalem by the Romans, and to the usages of the Christian Church during the earlier ages.
I. Biblical. — The Scriptures themselves are the great source whence a knowledge of Hebrew and Christian antiquities may be drawn ; and whoever wishes to have an accurate and thorough acquaint- ance with the subject must, with this express pur- pose in view, make the holy record the object of a careful, sustained, and systematic study. Much of the Old Testament is, in the best sense of the term, picture writing ; and the history of the Saviour car- ries us into the very bosom of domestic life. The knowledge which is acquired from these sources is pe- culiarly valuable, from the stamp of truth which every part of it bears. Few, however, have the disposition, the leisure, or the ability for the requisite study; and therefore the aid of the scholar and divine is desirable, if not indispensable. But besides what may be learn- ed from the Scriptures themselves, much remains to be known which they do not and cannot teach; for, like all other books relating to ages long by-gone, they contain allusions, phraseology, modes of thought and speech, which can be understood either not at all, or but imperfectly, without light derived from extrane- ous sources ; and that the rather because the Hebrews were not a literary people, and the aim of the sacred penmen was far higher than to achieve intellectual reputation. The heathen writers afford very scanty materials for illustrating biblical antiquities, so igno- rant or prejudiced were the)' on topics of that kind. Indirect information and undesigned testimonies ma}' be here and there extracted from their writings, but in general they communicate no useful information except on geographical and kindred subjects. The least barren of them is the earliest prose writer ex- j tant, Herodotus, who, in his second book and part of | the third, furnishes snatches of information which may be of service, especially in conjunction with the light which recent discoveries in Egyptian antiquities '' have so happily thrown on the biblical records (The < Effypt of Herodotus, by John Kenrick, M.A. 1841 ; j Manners and Customs of ike Ancient Egyptians, by Sir J. G. Wilkinson, 1837, 1841).