ANTIPHILUS
277
ANTIPOPE
of a plain, and not at Arsiif where the Crusaders sup- posed they had found it (Will. Tyr. ix, 19 ; xiv, 16 ; Vitracus, c. 23 ; Brocard, c. 10 ; comp. Reland, Palcest. p. 569, 570). On the road from Ramlah to Nazareth, north of Ras el-Ain, Prokesch (Reise ins Heilige Land, Wicn, 1831) came to a place called Kaffir Saba; and the position which Berghaus assigns to this town in his map is almost in exact agreement with the posi- tion assigned to Antipatris in the Itin. Ilieros. Per- ceiving this, Kaumer (Paldstina, p. 144, 462) happily conjectured that this Kefr Saba was no other than the reproduced name of Caphar-saba, which, as in many other instances, has again supplanted the for- eign, arbitrary, and later name of Antipatris (comp. the Hall. Lit.-Zdt. 1845, No. 230). This conjecture has been confirmed by Dr. Robinson, who gives Kefr Saba as the name of the village in question {Researches, iii, 46-48 ; see also later ed. of Researches, iii, 138, 139 ; and Biblioth. Sac. 1853, p. 528 sq.). Paul was brought from Jerusalem to Antipatris by night, on his route to Csesarea (Acts xxiii, 31 ; comp. Thomson's Land and Book, i, 258). Dr. Robinson was of opinion, when he published his first edition, that the road which the soldiers took on this occasion led from Jerusalem to Cresarea by the pass of Beth-Horon, and by Lydda or Diospolis. This is the route which was followed by Cestius Gallus, as mentioned by Josephus {War, ii, 19, 1), and it appears to be identical with that given in the Jerusalem Itinerary, according to which Antip- atris is 42 miles from Jerusalem, and 26 from Caesarea. Even on this supposition it wrould have been quite possible for troops leaving Jerusalem on the evening of one day to reach Ccesarea on the next, and to start thence, after a rest, to return to (it is not said that they arrived at) their quarters at Jerusalem before nightfall. But the difficulty is entirely removed by Dr. Smith's discovery of a much shorter road, leading by Gophna direct to Antipatris. On this route he met the Roman pavement again and again, and indeed says " he does not remember observing anywhere be- fore so extensive remains of a Roman road" {Biblioth. Sac. 1843, p. 478-498). Van de Yelde, however {Me- moir, p. 285 sq.), contends that the position of Mejdel Yaba corresponds better to that of Antipatris. In the time of Jerome (Epitaph. Paula1, 108) it was a half- ruined town. Antipatris, during the Roman era, ap- pears to have been a place of considerable military importance (Josephus, War, iv, 8, 1). Vespasian, while engaged in prosecuting the Jewish war, halted at Antipatris two days before he resumed his career of desolation by burning, destroying, and laying waste the cities and villages in his way (see Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epistles of St. Paul, ii, 269). This city is supposed (by Calmet, s. v.) to have been the same with Capharsaloma (or Capharsaroma, per- haps also Caparsemelia ; see Reland, Palcest. p. 690, 691), where a battle was fought in the reign of Deme- trius between Nicanor, a man who was an implacable enemy of the Jews, and Judas Maecabauis, when five thousand of Nicanor's army were slain, and the rest saved themselves by flight (1 Mace, vii, 26-32).
Antiphilus (Av-('<£iXoe, instead of a friend'), a friend of Antipater, charged by the part}- of Pheroras with bringing from Egypt a poisonous draught for Herod (Josephus, Ant. xvii, 4, 2; War, i, 30, 5); a suspicion confirmed by a letter intercepted between Antiphilus and Antipater {Ant. xvii, 5, 7). See An-
TIPATEK.
Antiphon (from cirri, in turn, and epiovr), a sound), the singing or chanting of one portion of a choir in re- ply to another when the psalms are sung or chanted. In the " responsorium" the verse is spoken only by one person on either side, or by one person on one side, though Ii}' many on the other ; whereas, in antiphony, the verses are sung by the two parts of the choir al- ternately. Antiphonal singing is supposed to have
been brought into use in the Western Church by Am- brose, who, about the year 374, is said to have intro- duced it into the Church of Milan, in imitation of the Eastern Church, where it appears to have been of great- er antiquity, though as to the time of its institution au- thors are not agreed. The chanting of the psalms in this antiphonal manner was practiced by the Hebrews ; and some of these were actually composed in alternate verses, with a view to their being used in a responsive manner. In the English Church, where there is no choir, the reading of the Psalter is divided between the minister and the people ; and in the cathedral ser- vice the psalms are chanted throughout, two full choirs being provided, stationed one on each side of the church. One of these, having chanted one of the verses, remains silent while the opposite choir replies in the verse succeeding ; and at the end of the psalm the Gloria Patri is sung by the united choirs, accom- panied by the organ. — Bingham, Orig. Eccles. bk. xiv, ch. i, § 11 ; Farrar, Eccl. Diet. s. v. See Anthem.