The earliest treatise in the English language ex- pressly on the subject of Jewish antiquities was writ- ten by Th. Godwyn, B.D. (Moses and Aaron, Civil and Ecclesiastical Rites used by the Ancient Hebrews ob- served, etc. 4to, 1614). This work passed through many editions in England ; was translated into Latin by J. II. Reiz (1679) ; furnished with a preface and two dissertations by Witsius (1690); was illustrated, amended, and enlarged by Hottinger (1710) ; and further annotated on by Carpzovius (1748). In 1724 -5, Thomas Lewis gave to the public his Origines He- brmce, or Antiquities of the Hebrew Republic, 4 vols. 8vo, which is a very elaborate and carefully compiled treat- ise, composed of materials drawn from the best author- ities, both Jewish and Christian. A work of much value, as affording fuller views on some topics, and written in an easy style, is a posthumous publication by Dr. Jennings, entitled Jewish Antiquities, or a Course of Lectures on the three Fi?-st Books of Godwyn' $ Moses and Aaron, London, 1766 ; edited, with a preface of some value, by Philip Furneaux. Fleury's work (Dr. Adam Clarke's edition) on The Manners of the Ancient Israelites, containing an Account of the peculiar Customs, Laws, Policy, and Religion of the Israelites, offers a pleasing and useful introduction to the study of the Old Testament Scriptures. A valuable and (for ordinary purposes) complete treatise may be found by the English student in Biblical Antiquities, by John Jahn, D.D., translated by T. C. Upham (Andover, 1827, etc. ; N. Y. 1858). Those who wish to enter more fully into the subject may consult the original, of which the foregoing is an abridgment (Biblische Ar- chdologie). A carefully compiled and well -written work may be found in The Antiquities of the Jews from authentic Sources, and their Customs illustrated by Mod- ern Travels, by W. Brown, D.D. (2 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1820). Much important matter is presented in Aca- demical Lectures on the Jewish Scriptures and Antiqui- ties, by J. G. Palfrey, D.D., LL.D. (2 vols. 8vo, Boston, 1840). German scholars have produced numerous works on the subject, of which we may mention as worthy of special attention, G. L. Bauer's Kurzgefasstcs Lehrbuch der Hebr. Alterthi'imer des A. u. N. T. (second edition, by E. F. K. Rosenmiiller, Leipsic, 1835) ; J. Mt. A. Scholz's Handbuch der Bibl. Archdologie (Bonn u. Wien, 1834) ; De Wette (Lehrbuch der Ilebr.-Judisch. Archdologie, Leips. 1830), translated by Rev. Theodore Parker, Bost. Heloris Pilgrimage to Jerusalem may serve as a connecting link between Jewish and Chris- tian antiquities, being almost equally useful for both, as it presents* a picture of Judaism in the century which preceded the advent of our Saviour. The Eng- lish translation (by the Rev. John Kenrick, M. A.) from the German original is accompanied by valuable notes and a preface, in which may be found a brief outline of the sources of biblical archaeology. The work is conceived and executed in the form of a story or novel, and possesses no ordinary interest, independently of its high theological value, as affording a living picture of the customs, opinions, and laws of the Jewish people. In French there is a somewhat similar work by M. de Montbron, under the unsuitable title of Essais sur la Litterature des Hebreu.r (4 tomes, 12mo, Paris, 1819), in which a number of short tales illustrative of ancient Hebrew usages and opinions are prefaced by a large and elaborate Introduction, and followed by a great number of learned and curious notes.
II. Ecclesiastical Antiquities. — Among the fathers of the Christian Church, Jerome, who was long resident
in Palestine, has left in various works very important information respecting the geography, natural his- tory, and customs of the country. Most of the fa- thers, indeed, furnish, directly or indirectly, valuable notices respecting Christian antiquity, and in a body constitute the source whence for the most part writ- ers and scholars of later ages have drawn their ma- terials. The reader may with advantage consult Some Account of the Writings and Opinions of Clement of Alexandria, by John, bishop of Lincoln (1835) ; also, Some A ccount of the Writings and Opinions of Justin Martyr, by the same (Cambridge, 1829). A useful compendium, as giving specimens of the writings, and therein views of the opinions, manners, rites, and ob- servances of the early Christian Church, may be found in Bibliotheque Choisie des Peres de I'Eglise Grecque ct Latine, by M. N. S. Guillon (Paris, 1828).
For a long period after the revival of learning the subject of Christian antiquities received no specilic at- tention, but was treated more or less summarily in general histories of the Church of Christ; as, for in- stance, in the great Protestant work, Ecclesiast. His- toria per aliquot viros in urbe Magdeburg (1559-74); and on the part of the Catholics, by Baronius, Annates Ecclesiast. a Christo nato ad annum 1198 (Rom. 1558). If any exception is to be made to this general state- ment, it is on behalf of Roman Catholic writers, whose works, however, are too inaccurate and prejudiced to be of any great value in these times. The first gen- eral treatise on Christian antiquity proceeded from the pen of an English divine, Jos. Bingham, Origines Ec- clesiastical, or ike A ntiquities of the Christian Church (London, 1708-22. 10 vols. 8vo); which was translated I into Latin by Grischow (1738), and into German (1778). The work corresponds in no slight degree to the learn- ing, care, and time bestowed upon it; but, besides being somewhat in the rear of the learning of the day, it has its value diminished by the High-Church no- : tions of the writer, as well as by the strength of his | prejudices against the Roman Catholics. A useful compendium, written in a liberal spirit, and compiled chiefly from German sources, has lately been publish- ed in English (A Manual of Christian Antiquities, by Rev. J. E. Riddle, M.A. London, 1839), in which (Preface, § 2, and Appendix H) may be found a con- cise but detailed account of the literature of Christian antiquities. A more complete catalogue of works, em- bracing each particular branch, is given in Winer's Handbuih der Theologischen Literatur. Among the best Continental treatises on the general subject of Christian antiquities may be mentioned those of Au- gusti, Handbuch d. Christl. Archdol. (Leipzig, 1836-7, 3 vols. 8vo); Bohmer, Die christl.-hirchl. Alterihums- Wissenschaft (Brcsl. 1836, 8vo) ; Siegel, Handbuch der christl. -Hi chl. AlUrthumer (Leipzig, 1836-7, 3 vols. 8vo). — Kitto, s. v. See Archaeology.