V. Besides the above, there are many exjiressions ap- parently taken from the N. T. ; also allusions and ref- erences too inexact to be called quotations, which sin- gly might appear insignificant, but occurring on eveiy page are weigthy arguments. Westcott {Canon N. T. p. 30, 40, 47) gives many examples of coincidence in language of the PP. App. with the N. T.
(1) Peculiar to Clement and St. Peter : dya9oiroiia, cth\(puTi]c, Troipviov. (2) Peculiar to Clement, St. Peter, and St. Paul : ayatii) nvi'itcijaic, dyioa/.i6g, ti- XiKpivrjQ, EV(Tij3eia, linrpoactKTog, Tairuvotypoainn], inraKoi), i'Trotyipciv, <j>iXavt\ia, <pi\o£ti>ia, (piXo^ivoc;. (3) Peculiar to Clement and St. Paul : d/xiTa/.it\>iTor, tyicpaTtviaOai, Xtirovpyoc, XeiTOvpyia. XtiTovpytlv, fiaKapiap-OQ, oiK-ip/.ioi, TroXtnia, iroKiTtviiv (Polyc), df/ii'of, <Tf//i'<)7?jc, xpriGTtvofiai. (4) Peculiar to Ig- natius and St. Paul, very numerous, e. g. : cicvKipoe., uvmpvxtiv, IvSaitTfioQ, tpvmovv, etc. (5) Peculiar to Ignatius and St. John : dyi'nri], ayci—dv, and 6 ovpa- voq instead of oi ovpavoi (St. Paul and Clement). (G) Peculiar to Polycarp and St. Paul : c'nroTvXavav, cip- pafSiov, dtyiXdpyvpoc;, to tca\6v, ptratoXoyia, -irpovtli'.
Of the allusions and references no enumerations need be given, as they will be found indicated in the foot-notes of every page of Hefele's edition, and massed together in his index.
VI. In a few instances these fathers appear to mal-e misquotations ; i. e. they cite as "words of the Lord," or of " Scripture,'' what is nowhere to be found in the N. T. — So Bar. 4 : " The Son of God says let us resist all iniquity, and hold it in hatred." This is not to be found in the N. T., nor, as far as is known, in any apoc- ryphal gospel. It must have been taken from some tradition, or the mere sentiment may have been cited from Jas. iv, 7, or 2 Tim. ii, Id — utoti'itid «tto aSuciag; and Psa. cxix, 103 — dSuciav i^imjaa. — Bar. G: "Be- hold, saith the Lord, I will make the last things like the first." This may be a loose quotation of Matt, xx, 1G. Comp. Ezek. xxxvi, 11. — Clem. 23: "Far from us be this scripture which saith, "Wretched are they who are double minded and doubtful ; saying, we have heard these tilings even from the time of our fathers, and, be- hold, we have grown old, and none of these things have happened to us." This is supposed by some to be taken from some apocryphal source (Coteler, who, however, fails to indicate the precise source). Others regard it as a careless citation of Jas. i, 8, and 2 Pet. iii, 4. Both explanations are unsatisfactory. It may be a mere blunder of Clement. — Ign. Smyr. 3: "And when he came to those who were with Peter, he said unto them, Take, handle me, and see that I am not a disembodied spirit." Probably this passage would never have been suspected as it has been but for the remark of Euse- bius (Hist. Ec. cxvi, 2G) that he did not know whence Ignat. cited, and the conjecture of Jerome (Be Vir. III. Ign. n. 10) that it was from the Gospel of the Naz- arenes. Pearson suspects an oral tradition. (Comp. Crcdner, Beilrage, i, 407.) But the imitation of Luke, xxiv, 39, is quite as close as many unchallenged ([no- tations. But the most remarkable fact about these false citations is yet to be mentioned : the}- are not confined to the N. T. Thus, Bar. 9: "The Scrip- tures relate that Abraham circumscribed three hundred and eighteen men of his own household." A loose combination of Gen. xvii, 26, 27, and xiv, 14. — Clem. 8 : Many sentences not to be found are inserted in quotations from the O. T. — Clem. 46 : " For it is writ- ten, join yourselves with the saints, because all who adhere to them will be sanctified.'' (Unscriptural, per- haps ; certainly not in Scripture.) And again in an- other place, "With an innocent man thou shalt be in- 1