Apostolius, Michael, a learned Greek of the 15th century. He delivered the funeral oration over the body of the Emperor Constantine Pahrologus, who was killed in the storming of the city of Constantino- ple by the Turks. When the city was taken by the
APOSTOOL
319
APPAREL
Turks in 1-153 he escaped to Italy, where, to please Cardinal Bessarion, he wrote against Theodore of Gaza. But his abuse of Aristotle displeased the car- dinal, and Apostolius retired into Crete, where he gained a hard livelihood by copying MSS. and teach- ing children. He died about 1480 at Venice, leaving many manuscripts, which are still extant in European collections. — Fabricius, Bibl'tothca (iraci, t. xi ; Hoe- fer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, ii, 1)14.
/ Apostool, Samuel, a Mennonite, was born in 1G38, and was minister of a church of the Waterland- ers (a branch of the Dutch Baptists) at Amsterdam. In 1662 he distinguished himself by his opposition to Galenus Hans, who taught that Christianity is not so much a body of opinions as a practical life. Apostool, on the contrary, insisted on the necessity of doctrine, and also of the especial views of the Mennonites. Ga- lenus was charged with Socinianism and acquitted, and Apostool and his friends had to form a separate church. His followers were called Apostoolians. He lived up to nearly the end of the century. — Schyn, Hist. Merman, p. 327 ; Hoefer, Biog. Geiurale, ii, 914 ; Mosheim, Ch. Hist. cent, xvii, ch. v, § 7. See Ga-
LENITES ; MeNNONITES.
Apotactici or Apotactltae (from c'nrorarmonai, to renounce), an ancient sect, who, affecting to follow the evangelical counsels of poverty and the example of the primitive Christians, renounced all their pos- sessions. The}r seem to have been the same as the Apostolici or the Tatianites. During the persecution of Diocletian they had many martyrs ; and subse- quently adopted the errors of the Encratites, who deemed marriage and unchastity to be the same thing. The sixth law in the Theodosian Code joins the Apo- tactitae with the Eunomians and Arians. — Mosheim, Comm. i, 482 ; Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. xxii, ch. i, § G.
Apothecary (njDI, roke'iicli, seasoning, i. c. with aromatics ; Sept. pvpexpoc, Exod. xxx, 25 ; xxxvii, 29; Eccl. x, 1), correctly rendered in the margin "perfumer;" so also in Eccles. xxxviii, 8; xlix, 1: the word means also any thing spiced (1 Chron. ix, 30) ; hence, ointment, confection (Exod. xxx, 35). The hol}r oils and ointments were probably prepared by one of the priests who had properly qualified himself in Egypt, where unguents were in great use. See Anointing. Roberts (Oriental Illustrations, p. 80) states that in Hindoo temples there is a man call- ed Thile-Kdran, whose chief business it is to distil sweet waters from flowers, and to extract oils from wood, flowers, and other substances. From our ver- sion having rendered the word " apothecary," it would seem to indicate that the business of a perfumer was not distinguished from that of an apothecary in the time of the translators. Thus Shakspeare, a contem- porary writer, says,
"An ounce of civet, pood apothecary, To sweeten mine imagination." Indeed perfumery is almost inseparable from a drug- gist's stock in trade. Sacred oil appears to have
been as copiously used by the heathen nations as it was in the Jewish tabernacle and temple, and during the patriarchal economy ; the Sanscrit writers prove its retention in the present religious services of India, and that it was adopted in the more ancient we have the authority of Strabo (lib. xv), where he refers to a ceremony which calls to mind the words of the psal- mist, that it ran down upon Aaron's beard, that went down to the skirts of his garments (Psa. exxxiii, 2). Sir William Ouseley, also (Trav.in Persia,!, 3'Jl), men- tions the statue of a man at Shapur, which, according to the Nozhat al-Colub, princes went on pilgrimages to visit and anoint with oil. See Perfume.
Ap'pa'im (Ileb. Appa'yim, E?ES, the nostrils; Sept. 'AcpQaip v. r. 'AirQaiv), the second named of the two sons of Nadab, and the father of Ishi, of the tribe of Judah (1 Chron. ii, 30, 31). B.C. ante 1658.
Apparel (usually designated in Ileb. by 132, be'- ged, "dress," or some form of C5! "2?, lebush', "cloth- ing," taSiie, i^taTi(Tfi6c, etc.), Oriental, especially Hebrew. Sec Garment; Clothing; Raiment, etc. This was usually, as the eastern climate necessitated, wide and flowing (comp. Olear, Reisen. p. 307), but concerning its precise cut we find nothing indicated in the O. T. books, except with regard to that of the priesthood. See Priest. But as customs change bi t little among Orientals, we may probably get a pretty exact idea of the ancient Hebrew fashion from a comparison with modern Eastern, especially Arabic costume (see especially Ar- vicux, Trav. iii, 241 sq. ; Niebuhr, Beschr. p. 02 sq.). See Dress. The delinea- tions of dress upon the Oriental monuments (such as the ruins of Babylon, Persepolis, Nineveh, and, to some extent, Egypt) are useful for this purpose, es- pecially for the later period (namely, during the exile, when the Jews wore Chaldean garments, Dan, ii, 21). For the earlier period see the Gemara (Shabbath. xvi, 4). Male and female apparel then, as now, did not essentially differ; but a lady was easily recognised
Modern Oriental Apothecary Sh<:>p.