Inhabitants of Nablotis (Shechem).
APPAREL
320
APPAREL
for the most part by single pieces of female attire, and especially by ornaments, and moreover the costliness of material in the head-dresses made a distinction be- tween the sexes sufficient to meet the demands of the law (Deut. xxii, 5) forbidding men to wear women's garments and the reverse. (See, however, Josephus, War, iv, 9, 10. The reason usually assigned for this statute is the prevention of confusion, and espe- cially licentiousness, sec Mitt, Dissert, p. 203 sq. ; Mi- chaelis, Mos. Recht. iv, 349 sq. Others, as Le Clerc after Maimonides, regard the prohibition as a pre- ventive of certain forms of idolatry which required men to sacrifice in female apparel, and the reverse, ace Macrob. Saturn, ii, 8, p. 22, ed. Bip. ; Philochori Fragm. ed. Siebelis, p. 10 sq. ; comp. Jul. Finnic. Be errore pro/an. rel. c. 4 ; also Creuzer, Symbol, ii, 34 sq. ; and generally Pezold, De promiscua vestium utriusque se.rus usurpdtione, Lips. 1702, and in Ugolini Thesaur. xxix. This interpretation is sustained by a statement of Maimonides, More Kevochim, iii, 27 ; comp. Movers, Phonic, i, 445 sq. Many Jews, how- ever, understand the textual expression "OS""1?;;), lit- erally " utensils of a man," to signify male weapons, so Onkelos in loc. ; a view which is adopted by Jo- sephus, Ant. iv, 8, 43.) The subject of female ap- parel has been especially treated by Schroder (Z)e vestiiu mulier. Ileb. Lugd. B. 1745) and Hartmann (Hebriierin am Putztische, Amst. 1849). The manu- facture of garments was in all ages the business of the women, especially the females of the family, and even distinguished ladies did not excuse themselves from the employment (1 Sam. ii, 19; Prov. xxxi, 22 sq.). Sec Wife. The only legal enactment on the subject was that wool and linen should not be used in the same article of apparel (Lev. xix, 19; Deut. xxii, 11), a prescription probably not designed (as thought by Josephus, Ant. iv, 8, 11) to forbid the priests any in- termixture of materials, but to be explained after the analog)' of the foregoing prohibition of heterogeneous- ness (see Michaelis, Mos. R. iv, 319 sq.). See Diverse. The articles of clothing common to men and women, then, were: (1.) The under garment, "2713, letho'- neth, x'rwi', or tunic [see Coat], which was held to- gether b)r the girdle (q. v.), and besides which a linen
.Mountain
Levantine Costumes
shirt, 'p'lb, sadin', is sometimes mentioned (Isa. iii, 23; Judg. xiv, 12; Prov. xxxi, 24). In common language of the ancients, a person who had only this under garment on was called "naked" (1 Sam. xix, 24 ; Job xxiv, 10 ; Isa. xx, 2 ; comp. Virg. Geo. i, 229), a term that is sometimes applied also to one poorly clad (Job xxii, G; Isa. lviii, 7 ; 2 Sam. vi, 20; see Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 1071). Those in high sta- tion or travellers (comp. Joseph. Ant. xxii, 5, 7) some- times wore two under garments, like a double shirt, the outer (which was always longer than the inner) one being then called P^SlC, me'il' , arobe or "upper garment" (1 Sam. xv, 27 ; xviii, 4; xxiv, 5; Job. i, 20). The Greeks and Romans likewise, as perhaps also the Per- sians, were acquaint- ed with this habit (comp. Herod, i, 195; Ovid, Fasti, ii, 319; Salmas. ad Teriidl. pall. p. 71); but the custom appears to have been always re- garded by the Jews as luxurious (Matt. x, 10; Luke iii, 11; ix, 3; comp. Light- foot, p. 330 ; and Groebel, in the Miscell. Lips, xii, 137 sq.). A Chaldee costume was the "J"1 3 3, pattish' , or mantle (Dan. ii, 3, 21), probably a flowing under-dress (see Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 1101). (2.) An over garment [see Robe], which was thrown around the person, called itSQttJ, simlah' ', and i"D73iU, sawZaA', or mantle, also 153, be'ged, a piece of cloth ng generally, ipAnov, especially with females the PnZ'J-Q, mitpach'ath, or cloak, palla, oth- erwise rtE-""2, maataphah' ', or mantilla (Ruth iii, 15 ; Isa. iii, 22); also !"T"N, adde'reth, or wide mantle, pallium (Josh, vii, 21 ; 1 Kings xix, 13 ; 2 Kings ii, 13), the last designating a par- ticular kind of very loose and flowing robe, sometimes (Gen. xxv, 26 ; Zech. xiii, 4) lined with fur, such as the Orientals (Turks) even wear in summer (see Thevenot, Voyages, i, 234 ; Russel, Aleppo, i, 127 ; Harmer, Observ. iii, 4 sq.). Poor people and travellers also used the out- er garment as night clothes. See Couch. Both sexes made, out of the superabundant folds in front, a pocket or lap, p^H, cheyh, or "bosom," sinus (Ruth iii, 15; Psa. lxxix, 12; Prov. xvii, 23 ; 2 Kings iv, 39 ; Hag. ii, 12; Luke vi, 38 ; comp. Liv. xxi, 18; Horace, Serm. ii, 3, 171 sq. ; Senec. Ep. 19 ; Joseph. War, v, 7, 4; vi, 3, 3; see Wetstein, i, 09G; Kype, Observ. i. 238), into which the hand was thrust by the indolent (Psa. lxxiv, 11). Variegated (on the )ia\(iK('i or tine purple and lyssus
garments of Matt. xi. 8, see Biel, in the Symbol. Duisb. i, 79 sq.) and embroidered raiments were reserved for occasions of ceremony (Josh, vii, 21 ; Judg. v, 30 ; 2 Sam. i, 24; xiii, 18; Prov. xxxi, 22; Esth. viii, 15; Ezek. xvi, 10 ; see Harmer, iii, 182 sq. ; Eosemnuller,