of Lebanon.
APPAREL
321
APPARITOR
Morgenl. iii,140), although even children (Gen. xxxvii, 3 ; comp. Rauwolf, lieisen, p. 89) were habited in them (for so the Q^SS T.HS, ketho'neth passim', Gen. xxxvii, 23, 32; 2 Sam. xiii, 18, 19, is probably to be understood, with the Sept., Onkelos, Saadias, and oth- ers, rather than a dress with a train or reaching to the ankles, as Josephus explains, Ant. vii, 8, 1; but see Gesenius,, Thes. Ileb.p. 1117; on the VfPPQ, pethigil' , or broidered festive garment of Isa. iii, 24, see Gesenius, This, p. 1137), and were sometimes part of the prey taken from enemies (Zeph. i, 8). Sec Merchant; Weaving. White (byssus and linen), however [see Priest], wras naturally in most esteem for garments (comp. Eccl. ix, 8 ; 3 Esdras i, 2 ; vii, 9 ; 2 Mace, xi, 8 ; Luke xxiii, 11 ; Josephus, War, ii, 1, 1 ; Doug- tan Analect. ii, 57 ; Schmid, De usu vestium albar. in Ugolini Thcsaur. xxix). See Linen ; Fuller. Gen- erals especially wore red (scarlet) robes (Judg. viii, 26 ; Nah. ii, 4 ; Isa. lxiii, 1 ; see below). Luxurious apparel was no doubt increasing in fashion under the later kings (Jer. iv, 30 ; Ezek. xvi, 10 sq. ; Zeph. i, 8 ; Lam. iv, 5), and prevailed among the Jews down to the apostles' times (1 Tim. ii, 9 ; 1 Pet. iii, 3 ; see Dougtasi Analect. ii, 23 sq.). A form of delicate raiment in use by pious (sanctimonious) persons is mentioned (Luke xx, 46 ; comp. Matt, xxiii, 5). See Seam. On rend- ing the garments, see Grief ; on spreading them along the way, see Courtesy. Shaking the garments in the presence of any one (Acts xviii, G) was a symbolical declaration that the party would have nothing more to do with him (see Heumann, Parerga, p. 213 sq.). ('•.) Priests alone wore drawers [see Breeches], but they are now in almost universal use in the East by men and women (Niebuhr, Beschr. p. G2, 65; Reisen, i, 158 ; so also among the ancient Medes and Persians long trowsers were worn, Herod, v, 49 ; Xen. Cyrop. viii, 3, 13 ; Strabo, ii, 52 ; and so many understand the "pPSl^b, sarbalii/, "coats," of Dan. iii, 21, 27, see Lengerke in loc, while others understand mantles, as being altogether more agreeable to Babylonian usage, see Gesenius, Thesaur. p. 969 sq.). (4.) Both sexes covered the head with a turban. See Head-dress. Women likewise wore net-caps (reticulated hoods), frontlets (forehead bands), and probably veils. Sec Caul ; Bonnet ; Frontlet ; Veil. (5.) On the cov- ering of the feet, see Sandal ; Shoe. Gloves (Fl^pp or w]3) were not unknown, yet the}' appear not to have been used as a part of the attire, but 1 y work- men as a protection of the hands from injury and soil- ing (comp. Mishna, Chelim, xvi, 6 ; xxiv, 15 ; xxvi, 3 ; see an essay on the gloves of the Hebrews, in Wie- ner's Zeitschr.f. Kunst u. Literat. 1827, No. 71 sq. ; a man's glove, pP"1^ nartek', is mentioned in the Tar- gum on Ruth iv, 7).
The Orientals are still very fond of changes (q. v.) of raiment, especially of robes of state on holidays or festive occasions (Niebuhr, Reisen, i, 182 ; Burckhardt, Arabf p. 272; Harmer, ii, 112; iii, 447), hence rich Hebrews had their change-suits of apparel (nispbri, chnliphoth' , like the Greek ilpaTa t£?//<oi/3rt, Odyss. viii, 249 ; Y/rwrtc tTnipoifioi, xiv, 514), and to a supe- rior residence there always appertained a goodly ward- robe (nnttb"0, meltachah' , clothes-press, 2 Kings x, 22; see Prov. xxxi, 21; Job xxvii, 16; Luke xv, 22; comp. Boehart, Hieroz. iii, 517; Rosenmiiller, Morgenl. iii, 349 ; Jacob, ad Lucian Toxar. p. 150). Especially did kings and nobles possess a stock of state and cere- monial dresses (tTi^bn^, machlatsoth' , costly or festive garments, for special occasions, Isa. iii, 22 ; Zech. iii, 4) for presents (Gen. xlv, 22 ; Esth. iv, 4 ; vi, 8, 11 ; 1 Sam. xviii, 4 ; 2 Kings v, 5 ; x, 22 ; comp. also Judg. xiv, 12, 19; see Tavernier, i, 207, 272; Harmer, ii, 112 ; iii, 447 ; among the Persians head-dresses appear to have been likewise royal presents, Esth. vi, 8 ; X
comp. Heeren, Tdeen, I, i, 216); hence among the court officers is mentioned a custodian of the ward- robe (D",152!l "HOUJ, simmer' hab-begadim' , keeper of the clothes, 2 Chron. xxxiv, 22). See Gift. Persons changed their clothes for religious reasons, when they had become ceremonially unclean (Lev. vii, 11 ; xxvii, 11, 25 ; xv, 13, etc. ; comp. Gen. xxxv, 2). Those in eminent stations and females anointed and perfumed their garments (Psa. xlv, 9; Cant, iv, 1Y). See Un- guent. Mourning apparel (D^jSiO, sakkim' , -weeds, i. e. sackcloth) were of coarse stuff (as still in the East), narrow and without sleeves. See Mourning ; Sackcloth. Prophets and ascetics also used this kind of habiliments (Isa. xx, 2 ; Zach. xiii, 4 ; Matt, iii, 4 ; see Gesenius, Comment, iib. Jesa. i, 644). Court of- ficers (1 Kings x, 5; Isa. xxii, 21) wore a distinctive dress. See King ; Priest. (Comp. generally J. H. Soprani, Be re vestiana llebr. in his Comment, de Ba- vidj, Lugd. 1643). See Attire.