During the appeal the sentence of the inferior court is suspended ; and it is usual for the superior court, at the instance of the appellant, to grant an inhibition to stay the execution of the sentence of the inferior court until the appeal shall be determined (Bingham, Orig. Eccl. bk. ii, ch. xvi, § 1(3).
In the Methodist Episcopal Church, the right of ap- peal from lower to higher courts, both for ministers and laymen, is carefully guarded by a constitutional provision {Discipline, pt. i. § 4).
In Presbyterian churches there are formal modes of appeal from a lower to a higher court, or from a ses- sion to a presbytery, from it to a synod, and from the synod to the general assembly.
Appearance (tfavt], Mark xvi, 9; eipavepwSr), Mark xvi, 12, 14 ; toffy, Luke xxiv, 34 : 1 Cor. xv, 5 ; t<pai'enwuei' iavrov, John xxi, 1 ; irapkarrioiv kavrov), a term usually applied to the interviews afforded by Christ to his disciples after his resurrection (q. v.).
The circumstances of these instances indicate that his bod}', although not yet glorified, had already under- gone such a change as to give it extraordinay powers of locomotion, even through closed doors, and of bo- coming visible or invisible at pleasure, while it yet re- tained the palpable characteristics of matter, and was even capable of taking food in the ordinary way ; traits that ally it strongly to the "spiritual body" of the angels (q. v.). Monographs on these occurrences and their peculiarities have been written by Fecht (Post. 1699), Langsdorff (Viteb. 1710), Alberti (Lips. 1693), Arnoldt (Region). 1741-1743), Becker (Rost. 1773), Buddeus (Jen. 1711), Buttstedt (Cold. 1751), Carpov (Jen. 1755, 1765), Chladenius (Erlang. 1750, 1753\ Eichler (Lips. 1737), Feuerlin (Gott. 1750), Gerikc (Helmst. 1745), Giirtler (Franeq. 1712), Horn (Lubec. 1706), Koppen (Gryph. 1701), Krehl (Lips. 1845), May- er (Grvph. 1702),*Munck (Lond. 1774), Pries (Rost. 1780), Quandt (Regiom. 1715), Zeibich (Ger. 1785). See Jesus.
Appearance to Mary Magdalen. There is a difficulty connected with the first of these appearances. The gospel narratives (Matt, xxviii, 1-15 ; Mark xvi, 2 11; Luke xxiv, 1-12; John xx, 1-18), when care- fully adjusted in their several incidents to each other, distinctly indicate that Mary the Magdalene was not among the Galilasan women at the time they were favored with the first sight of their risen Master, she having just then left them to call Peter and John ; and that Christ afterward revealed himself to her sep- arately. Mark, however, uses one expression that seems directly to contradict this arrangement : " Jesus . . . . appeared first (:row7-0)') to Mary Magdalene" (xvi, 9). Several methods of reconciling this discord- ance have been devised, but they are all untenable, and the best of them (that of Dr. Robinson [after Hengstenberg], in the Bibliotheca Sacra, Feb. 1845, p. 178) is not at all satisfactory (see Davidson, Jntrod. to the N. T., i, 169), which consists in considering the "first" as put by Mark relatively (q. d. report pav}, to denote the first of the three appearances related by him simply, the "after that" of verse 12 introducing a second appearance, and the "afterward" of verse 14 serving to mark the last of Mark's series. Any read- er, taking the words in their natural construction, would certainly understand Mark as meaning to say absolutely that Christ's first public appearance wras made to Man', and two of his subsequent ones to other persons. Moreover, the question still remains, why does Mark single out this appearance to Mary, rather than the previous one to several women ? A closer in- spection of the facta will assist to clear up the difficul- ty. Independently of this "first" of Mark, the inci- dents may naturally be arranged as in the following scheme (see Strong's Harm, of the Gospels, § 138-141).
A.M.
Occurrences.
Malt, xxviii
Mark xvi.
Luke xxiv.
John xx.
h. m.
4 00 4 15 4 30 4 35 4 45 4 45 4 50 4 50 4 55
4 57
5 00 5 05 5 05 5 05 5 07 5 10 5 30
2-4
1
'5-7
" 8
p,Vo
11-15
0 2,3
4 5-7
' ' 8
"*9
10,11
" 1
3-S
9 12
12 * 12 9-11
' 11
"l
2
":V
4,'f)' 6-9 10
11
12,13
14-17
Mary the Magdalene rpaches Peter and John's house
The other women report their interview with Christ to the other apostles
She reports to the disciples
By this it is seen that Christ's appearance to the ' coed fifteen minutes, as any one may see by making other women could not well have preceded that to < the corresponding changes in the above table. Mark, Mary by more than twenty minutes; and if the time in speaking in this general way of Christ's visits, for the other women's return be so lengthened as to | would not be likely to distinguish between two ap- make the appearance to Mary precede that to them, j pearances so nearly coincident; the very parties wiio the interval in this direction cannot be made, to ex- 1 witnessed them, or heard them reported, would not
APPELLANT
324
APPLE
themselves have noticed so slight a priority with- out instituting some such calculation as the above, which they were in no condition of mind at the time to make, lior likely to concern themselves about after- ward. In the verse under consideration, therefore, Mark designs to refer to both these appearances as one, and he mentions Mary's name particularly because of her prominence in the whole matter, just as he places her first in the list in verse 1 (comp. Matt, xxyii, 56, 61 : xxviii, 1 ; and see on John xx, 17). This identi- fication is confirmed by the fact that none of the evan- gelists mention both of these appearances, Matthew and Luke narrating the events just as if Mary had been with the other women at the time of their meet- ing with Christ, while Mark and John speak of the appearance to her only; yet they all obviously em- brace in their accounts the twofold appearance. Luke also explicitly includes Mary among the women who brought the tidings to the apostles (verse 10), evident- ly not distinguishing her subsequent report from that of the others with whom she at first went out. This idea is, in fact, the key to the whole plan of the gospel accounts of this matter, the design of the writers be- ing, not to furnish each a complete narrative of all the incidents in their exact order, but to show that these Galilaean women were, as a company, the first witnesses of Christ's resurrection.