church is a Christian state. 1 1 i - views on this subject
are again stated in his Fragment on the church, sub- sequently published, in which he hits the kev-stone
of the Tractarian heresy in attacking what he consid- ers to be their false notions of the Christian priest- hood. Dr. Arnold's mind was early directed to the social condition of the working classes ; and many ef- forts were made, and a variety of plans devised by him, not only for improving it, but for directing the atten- tion of the public to a subject of so much importance. In 1841 he was appointed by Lord Melbourne to the Eegius-Professorship of Modern History at Oxford — an appointment wdiich gave him the most lively satis- faction. But he lived to deliver only his introducto- ry course of lectures. When at the very summit of his reputation as a teacher, and at the time when the odium in which, for the liberality of his religious and political opinions, his name had been held by men of his own profession was fast disappearing, and the gran- deur of his character was every day becoming more manifest and more distinctly understood, he was seized with a fatal disease, which carried him off in a few hours. He died on the 12th of June, 1842, of spasm at the heart. His great work, and the one by which he will be remembered, is his History of Rome (Loud. 1840- 1843, 3 vols. 8vo), comprehending the period between the origin of the state and the end of the Second Punic War; with his History of the later Reman Common- wealth (Lond. 1849, 2d ed. 2 vols. 8vo), reprinted from the Eneyclopadia Metropolitana, carrying on the his- tory to the time of Trajan. In the Notes and Dis- sertations to his edition of Thucydides he has given a social and political, as well as a critical interest to his author. History and divinity — man and man's rela- tion to God — were his favorite studies. In both he preferred the practical to the theoretical. His Sermons (5 vols. 8vo) demonstrate with what earnestness and devotion he labored to bring religion into the daily concerns of men, and to invest ever}- act of life with a Christian character. His remaining productions are, a volume of Lectures on Modern History, delivered at Oxford (London, 1843, 8vo), and Miscellaneous Worls (Lond. 1845, 8vo), which include many articles written for reviews, etc., and essays. Most of Dr. Arnold's writings have been reprinted in New York. They are not important to scientific theology, a branch to which Arnold seems to have given no serious or pro- longed study. In some points he approximated to rationalistic views of inspiration and interpretation, but his hold of Christ and of the atonement saved him from going to extremes. Still he is, perhaps justly, styled the founder of the "Broad School" of the Church of England. — Stanlej', Life and Correspond! nee of Dr. Arnold; Eng. Encyclop. ; Methodist Quart. Rev. April, 1846, p. 266 ; North Brit. Rev. ii, 403 ; Quartt fly Rev. (Lond.)lxxiv, 252; Edinb. Rev. lxxxi, 99; Prince- ton Rev. xvii, 283.
Arnoldi, August Wilhelm, a Roman Catholic bishop of Germany, born at Baden, near Treves, in Prussia, died in 1861. He was ordained priest in 1825, became professor of Oriental languages and elo- quence at the seminary of Treves, and subsequently canon at the Cathedral. He was elected bishop of Treves in 18r9, but the Prussian government refused to ratify the election. He was again elected in 1842, when he was recognised by the government, but was at once involved in new difficulties by his refusal to take the constitutional oath. He became widely known, and produced a great commotion in 1845 hy or- dering the public exhibition of a relic of the Church of Treves, claimed to be " the holy coat" of Christ. He is the author of a German translation of the Tlomilki of Chrysostom and his book on the priesthood; — Pie- rcr, i, 753; Vapcreau, 66.
Arnoldi (Arnold), Bartholomew, a German
Augustine monk. He was a professor of theology at Erfurt. He was Luther's teacher, and at first agreed with his views ; but when he broke with the papacy, Arnoldi became his warm antagonist. lie wrote many
ARNOLDISTS
433
AROER
works, ehiefly against the Lutherans. He died at Er- j yards in -width, with a few oleanders and willows on furt in 1532. ' i the margin. Lieut. Lynch describes it at its mouth in
Arnoldists, followers of Arnold of Brescia (a. v.). \ AP'-il as "■ considerable stream of water, clear, fresh, Many seem to have adhered to the doctrines of Arnold and moderately cool, and having some small fish in it" even' after his death, and to have propagated them in (Expedition, p. 299). Where it bursts into the Dead Upper Italy. The Arnoldists were condemned by i Sea tllis stream is 82 feet wide and 4 feet deep, flow- Pope Lucius III atthe council of Verona in 1184. The | ing through a chasm with perpendicular sides of red, name occurs also later, as in a law of Frederick II | brown, and yellow sandstone, 97 feet wide. It then against the heretics (1224); but it is doubtful whether i runs through the delta in a S.W. course, narrowing as