born character of the Jews, battles fought among them- selves were particularly sanguinary, such, for example, as that in which Jeroboam, king of Israel, was defeat- ed by Abijah of Judah (2 Chron. xiii, 3, 17), where, if there be no error of copyists, there was a greater slaughter than in ten such battles as that of Leipsic, although on that occasion three hundred and fifty thousand combatants were engaged for three succes- sive days, provided with all the implements of modern destruction in full activity. Under such circumstances, defeat led to irretrievable confusion ; and where either party possessed superiority in cavalry and chariots of war, it would be materially increased ; but where the infantry alone had principally to pursue a broken en- emy, that force, laden with shields, and preserving order, could overtake very few who chose to abandon their defensive armor, unless they were hemmed in by the locality. Sometimes a part of the army was posted in ambush, but this manoeuvre was most commonly practised against the garrisons of cities (Josh, viii, 12; Judg xx, 38). In the case of Abraham (Gen. xiv, 16), when he led a small body of his own people suddenly collected, and fell upon the guard of the captives, re- leased them, and recovered the booty, it was a surprise, not an ambush; nor is it necessary to suppose that he fell in with the main army of the enemy. At a later period, there is no doubt that the Hebrew armies, in imitation of the Romans, formed into more than one line of masses ; but there is ample evidence that they always possessed more stubborn valor than discipline; — Kitto, s. v. See Army ; War ; Siege, etc.
Battle-axe (yS^O, moppets', breaker in pieces; Sept. and Vulg. render as a verb, cia<TKO07ri'4'£ie, colli- oils'), a mallet or heavy war-club (Jer. Ii, 20 ; comp. the cognate V"1?*?, mephits', "maul," Prov. xxv, 18). The ancient Egyptian battle-axes were of two kinds, both answering to this description, being adapted to inflict a severe blow by the weight no less than to cut with the edge. Each was a broad-axe with a semi- circular blade, that of the one being usually in two segments both attached to the handle as a back ; and that of the other projecting beyond the handle, with a large ball attached to give it momentum (see figs. 12 and 7 in the first series of cuts under the art. Ar- mor, and compare Wilkinson's Ane. Eg. i, 362, 363, abridgm.). See Axe;- Maul.
Ancient Assyrian Warriors hewing a Figure to Pieces.
Battle-bow (ircnb'a fiUSj^, Jce'sheth mikhaitiah', bow of battle) occurs inZech. ix, 10; x, 4, for the war- how used in fighting. See Ar- mor.
Among the Egyptians, on commencing the attack in the open field, at a signal made by sound of trumpet, the archers drawn up in line first discharged a shower of arrows on the ene- my's front, and a considerable mass of chariots advanced to the charge; the heavy infan- try, armed with spears or clubs, Ancient Egyptian Body and covered with their shields, of Archers.
BATTLEMENT 6
moved forward «t the same time in close array, flank- ed by chariots and cavalry, and pressed upon the cen- tre and wings of the enemy, the archers still galling the hostile columns with their arrows, and endeavor- ing to create disorder in their ranks (Wilkinson, i, 405, abridgm.). See Battle. Battlement (•"»£?;?, maakeh', a ledge; Sept. trrupdvii), a balustrade cr wall surrounding the flat roofs of Oriental houses
[see Ilorsi:], required by _ :=--=-
special enactment as a pro- -- ~-~=,Jr_" tection against accidents : (Deut. xxii, 8). InJer.v, 10, for ir-J-fZ. n ishoth',
tendrils; Sept. viroarnpiy- j| i»
para), the p irapet of a city wall ; and SO for i'-u\'i,tr in Ecclus. ix, 13.
Baudouin. See Bald- win.
Bauer, Georg Lo- eknz. a distinguished Ger- man theologian in the sec- ond half of the eighteenth century, was horn Aug. 14th, 1755, atHiltboltstein, near Nurnberg ; became in 1787 conrector at Nurn- berg, in 1789 Professor of Eloquence, Oriental Lan- guages, and Ethics at the University of Altdorf, and in 1805 Professor of Exe- getical Theology and Ori- ental Literature at Heidel- berg, lie was also made
a Church councillor by the government of Baden. He died .Tan. 12th, 1806. Among his numerous writing?, the following are the most important : Ein'ekung in die Schriften des Allen Testaments (Nurnh 3d ed. 180G): — Eermeneutica sacra V. T. (Leipz. 1797): — Bibliscke TheologU des Neuen Test's (Leipz. 1803-1805): — Lelir- buch dcr Hebraischen Atterthumer (2d ed. by Rosen- miiller, Leipz. 1«35). He also continued "Schulz's Scholia in V. T. (Numb. 1790-94, vol. iv to viii) and Glassius's / hUologia Sacra (Leipz. 1793-97).
Baumgarten, Siegmund Jacob, an eminent German theologian, was born March 14, 1706, at Wollmirstadt. His early education was conducted by bis father, James P>., pastor at Wollmirstadt. He then studied at Halle, and, after filling several minor offices, was mad.' professor of theology at Halle, 1734. His lectures were very popular, and he secured a still wider reputation by bis writings. Educated in the school of Spener and Franke, he retained the forms of orthodoxy, but imbibed Wolff 's philosophy, and taught in a far more scientific spirit than bad characterized the pietistic school. He is regarded in Germany as the forerunner of rationalism, which, indeed, found its first free exponent among theologians in his disciple Bemler. Hedied I7.">7. His writings, some of which are posthumous, are chiefly historical and exegetical; amongthese are r,,/ rricht t>.d.Ausl nungd.fa If. Schrift. < Halle, 171-'. 8vo) ■ Auslegung d. Briefe Pauli ( Halle, 1749 1767): Evangel. Glaubenshhre, ed. Sender (Malic, k.v.i 6 i. 3 v, 1-. Ho):— Begriff. ,/. theol. StrdUg- I. Semler (Halle, 1771, 8vo) i—Theolog. Beden- lcm (Hall 1742 50. , ■■!-. gvo): Geschichte <l. Reli- gionsparteien (Halle, it:,;.. 8vo): -Breviarhm histories Christ, in 'in;, schol. < Halle, 1754, 8vo). Semler wrote a sketch of the life of Baumgarten, which contains a full list of hi, writings (Halle, ]7.r,s, «%•«.)— Herzog, Real-Encyklopadi . i. , 10; Kahnis, German Protestant- ww, p. 11.".; Hut i. Hist, of Rationalism, ch. iv.