8 BAUR
Baumgarten-Crusius, Lddwig Friedrich Ot- to, an eminent German theologian, was born July 31, 1788, at Merseburg. He studied at the University of Leipsic, and in 1812 became professor extraordinarius of theology at Jena, after which his rise was steady. After a life of unwearied activity, both as lecturer
Oriuitnl II" if, v,
and writer on various branches of theological science, he died suddenly, May 31, 1843, leaving a great repu- tation for talent, breadth of view, and industry. His principal works are Einleitung in das Stud. d. Dog- matih (Leipz. 1820, 8vo) : — CJiristlichc Sittrnh lire ( Leipz. 1820, 8vo) -.—Grundsiige d. Bib!. Theologie (Jena, 1828,
; 8vo): — Geuissniffrciheit, Iiationalismus, etc. (Berlin, 1830, Svo) : — Lehrbuek d. christl. Dogmengeschiehte (Jena, 1832, 8vo): — Compendium d. Dognungt xih'chte (Leipz. 1840 ; revised and finished by Hase, Jena, 1846, 2 vols. 8vo); also, posthumous, Exegetischi Schriften mm -Y. T. (Jena, 1844-48, 3 vols. 8vo, covering the Synoptical Gospels, with Rom., Gal., Eph., Col., Phil., Thess.); and Tkeologische Auslegung d. Johanneischen Schriften (Jem, 1843-1845, 2 vols. Svo ).— Herzog, ReaLEncyMop. i, 741.
Baur, Ferdixand Christian, a German theolo- gian of marked influence on the German theology of the nineteenth century, was born June 21st, 1792; be- came, in 1817, Professor at the Theological Seminary of Blaubeuern, and in 1826 Professor of Evangelical Theology at the University of Tubingen. He died at Tubingen Dec. 3d, I860. ' Baur is the author of nu- merous works on systematic and historic theology. At first he was regarded as a follower of Neander and Schleiermacher. But he afterward embraced Hegelian* ism, developed it into Pantheism, and for many years devoted the powers of his great intellect to the subver- sion of the fundamental doctrines of Christianity. He went, step by step, farther from the positive Christian
j faith into Gnostic idealism, and in a series of writings endeavored to give an entirely new form to the repre- sentation of primitive Christianity. On his death-bed, the Pantheist, who had looked upon the idea of a per- son il God with contempt, prayed, "Lord, grant me a peaceful end." Baur is the founder of the so-called Tubingen school of theology, which farther developed
I his views, and gained a sad notoriety by its attacks
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on the authenticity of the books of the New Testa- ment. Among his works on the New Testament, the following are the most important: Die sogenannten Pastoral Briefe des Apostels Paulus (Stuttg. 1835), in which he denies the authenticity of all Pauline epis- tles except those to the Galatians, Corinthians, and Romans : — Paulus, der Apostel Jem Christi (Stuttg. 1845) : — Kritische Enter suchungen uber die Jcanon. Evan- ge'Jen (Tub. 1847), in which, in particular, the authen- ticity of the Gospel of John is attacked :—L)as Marcus Evangelium nach seinem Ursprung und Character (Tub. 1851). "In these and other works of a similar nature, Baur maintains that we must extend our notions of the time within which the canonical writings were composed to a period considerably post-apostolic, and which can only be determined approximately by a careful investigation of the motives which apparently actuated their authors." Another class of his works treat of the history of Christian doctrines and the his- tory of the ancient church. Here belong: Bus Man- irhiiixchi Hi ligi '< mssystem (Tub. 1801; one of his best works) : — Apollonius von Tyana und Christvs (Tub. 1823) : — Die christliche Gnosis oder die christliche Reli- gionsphilosophie (Tub. 1835) (The Christian Gnosis, or the Christian Philosophy of Religion), a work which makes the Christian Gnosis of the 2d and 3d centuries the starting-point of a long series of religio-philosophic- al productions traceable uninterruptedly down through Middle-age mysticism and theosophy to Schelling, Hegel, and Schleiermacher : — Ueber den Ursprung des Episcopats in der christlichen Kirche (Tub. 1838) : — Die christliche Lehre von der Yersohnung (Tub. 1839): — Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit und Menschwer- dung Gottes (Tub. 1841-43, 3 vols.) :— Die Epochen der Icirchlichen Geschichtssckreibung (Tub. 1852): — Das Christenihum und die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderts (Tub. 1853 ; 2d edit. I860) :— Die christ- liche Kirche vom Anfange des vierten bis ziim Ende des secltsten Jahrhunderts ( Tub. 1859 ) : — Lehrbuch der christi. Dogmengesckichte (Tub. 2d ed. 1858). Against the famous Symbolism of Mohler, he wrote, Der Gegcn- satz des Katholicismus und Protestantism/us (Tub. 2d ed. 183G), and Eruidrung gegen Mahler's neueste Polemik (Tub. 1834). On the results of the works of the Tubin- gen school in general, he wrote an epistle to Dr. Ilase of Jena, An Dr. K. Base (Tub. 1855), and Die Tubmger Sckule (Tub. 1859). Professor Baur left behind him several works on the church history of the Middle Ages and of modern times nearly completed, and they have been published by his son, F. F. Baur, and Prof. E. Zeller, viz. : Die christliche Kirche des Mittelalters in den Ilauptmomenten Hirer Entirieldung (ed. by F. F. Baur, Tub. 18C1) ; Kirchengeschichte des \Sten Jahr- hunderts (edit, by E. Zeller, Tiib. 1862); Kirchenge- schichte der neuern Zeit von der Reformation bis sum Ende des 18ten Jahrhunderts (ed. by F. F. Baur, Tub. 1863). Together with the two volumes published by Prof. Baur himself on the history of the Christian Church, from its beginning to the end of the 6th century, these three posthumous works constitute a complete course of historical works, extending over the entire history of the Christian Church. His latest volumes of church history gave great offence by his severe criticism on the different schools of German theology since Schleier- macher. Another work left by Professor Baur and published by his son is a course of Lectures on the The- ology of the New Testament (Vorkswtffen uber neutesta- mentliche Theologie, Leipzic, 1864), in which the author more than in any of his other works develops his views of the teaching of Jesus, and of the doctrinal difference which he assumes to have existed between the dif- ferent apostles. The Litest of these posthumous is- sues is Vorlesungen uber die Christliche Dogmengeschichte (part I of vol. i, Leipz. 1865). The work will consist of three volumes, the first of which will embrace the doctrines of the ancient Church, the second those of the Church of the Middle Ages, and the third those of