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the Church of modern times. Part I extends over the period from the apostolical age to the Synod of Nice. In point of extent and completeness this work of Baur will take rank among the foremost works in this de- partment of German theologj'. — Herzog, lical-Ency- klopddie, Supplem. vol. i ; Fisher, Essays on the Super- natural Origin of Christianity, 131-285; Illgen's Zeit- schrift, 1866, 131 ; Chambers's Encyclopedia, i, 759. See Tubingen School.
Bausset, Louis Francois de, a French cardin- al, born at Pondicherry Dec. 14, 1748, died June 21, 1824. Having finished his theological studies in the seminary of Saint Sulpice, he obtained an appointment in the diocese of Frejus. In 1770 he was deputed to the assembly of the clergy, and in 1784 consecrated bishop of Alais. Lie was sent by the Estates of Lan- guedoc to the two assemblies of notables in 1787 and 1788. In 1791 he adhered to the protest of the French bishops against the civil constitution of the French clergy. Soon after he emigrated, but in 1792 he re- turned to Paris, where he was put in prison. Being set free on the 9th of Thermidor, he devoted himself entirely to literature. In 1806 he obtained a canonry at the chapter of St. Denys. Abbe Emery having handed over to him all the manuscripts of Fenelon, ho undertook to write the history of Fenelon. This work (Histoire de Fenelon, 1808-9, 3 vols. 8vo) established the editor's literary reputation, and in 1810 procured for him the second decennial prize. Bausset compiled on the same plan the Histoire de Eossuet (Paris, 4 vols. 8vo, 1814), which, however, did not meet w ith an equal- ly favorable reception. "When the Council of the Uni- versity of Paris was reorganized, Bausset was appoint- ed a member. On the return of Louis XVIII he was appointed president of this council, but this position he lost during the "Hundred Days." After the sec- ond restoration he entered the Chamber of Peers ; in
1816 he became a member of the French Academy; in
1817 he received the cardinal's hat, and was minister of state. Besides the histories of Fenelon and Bossuet, Bausset wrote biographical essays on the Cardinal of Boisgelin (1804); on Abbe Legris-Duval (1820); on Archbishop Talleyrand, of Paris (1821); and on the Duke of Richelieu, the latter of which was read in the Chamber of Peers by the Duke of Pastoret on June 8, 1822. Against the civil constitution of the clergy he compiled, in 1796, conjointly with Abbe Emery, a pamphlet entitled Reflexions sitr la Declaration e.n'gee des Ministres du culte par la hi du 7 Vendemiaire an IV. In 1797, this pamphlet, with additions, was again pub- lished under the title Expose du principe sur le r'erment de Liberie, et d'Egalite, et sur la declaration, etc. Sec Hoefer, Biographic Generale, iv, 834 ; M. de Villencuve, Notice historique sur le Cardinal de Bausset (Marseille, 1824) ; G., Notice sur Bausset (Marseille, 1824, 8vo) ; De Quelen, Discours sur Bausset.
Bav'ai (Heb. Bavvny', ^2, of Persian origin ; Sept. Bevtf), a son of Henadad, and ruler ("iiB, praefeet) of the half (~^S, district) of Keilah, mentioned as repair- ing a portion of the branch wall along the eastern brow of Zion, on the return from Babylon (Neh. iii, 18). B.C. 446.
Bavaria, a kingdom in South Germany. Its area in 1864 was 29,637 square miles, and its population 4,807,440. In consequence of the war with Prussia in 1866, Bavaria had to cede to that power a district con- taining about 33,000 inhabitants. See Germany.
I. Church History. — As the Romans had numerous settlements near the Danube, Christianity was intro- duced into that part of the modern Bavaria earlier than into most of the other German countries. In the sec- ond century, a certain Bishop Lucius, of Rhsetia, is said to have preached at Augsburg and Ratisbon. In 304 St. Afra suffered martyrdom at Augsburg, which shows the existence of a Christian congregation at
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that city. Under the rule of the Christian emperors Christianity soon pained the ascendency, but pagans were found as late as the second half of the fifth cen- tury. In the middle of the fifth century, St. Valentin, an itinerant bishop of the two Rha-tias, is known to have preached and labored as a missionary at Passau, and to have been driven away by the pagans and Ari- ans. About the same time St. Severin (454-482), a
combatant against Arianism. preached at Pas- sau and Kunzing. The people to whom he preached ccording to the testimony of his disciple and I iographer Eugippius, nearly all Catholics; but the tribes of the Alemanni, Herculians, and others, which, after the death of Attila, roamed through the Danu- bian countries, were either pagans or Arians. Severin established, in many of the places where he worked as a missionary, monasteries. Another part of Bavaria, which belonged to the Roman province of Noricum, early had a centre of missionary operations in the cel- ebrated convent of Lorch. St. Maximilian, probably an itinerant bishop, who died about 288, and St. Flo- rian, a Roman officer, who suffered martyrdom in 304, arc among those of whose lives and deaths we have some information. Among the missionaries who, in the seventh and eighth centuries, labored there, were Boniface, Rupert, Emmeran, Sturm, Corbinian, and Wilibald. In the eighth century, Passau, Freising, Wurzburg, Regensburg, Augsburg, Eichstiidt, and Neuburg had bishops , at the head of the church was the archbishop of Salzburg. A large number of rich cloisters arose. The Reformation found early ad- herents. Many priests, and also the diet, declared themselves in favor of it. But after Luther had been put under the ban at the Diet of Worms in 1521, the Duke of Bavaria was foremost among the princes of Germany in opposing and persecuting it, and a num- ber of clergymen and laymen were put to death. The dukes remained ever after, in the councils of the Ger- man princes, the foremost champions of the Roman Church. In 1549 the Jesuits were called to Bavaria. though the number of Protestants was still so great that the diet demanded again, in 1553, " the introduc- tion of their pure doctrine.'' The dukes, in order to suppress Protestantism more effectually, demanded from every officer of the state a confession of faith. In 1609 Duke Maximilian founded the -'Catholic League," whose influence was so disastrous to the Protestant interests in Southern Germany. A better era for Protestantism and for religious liberty com- menced under Maximilian Francis l.who took from the Jesuits the censorship of books, reformed the con- vents, and improved the educational system. At the