sixth century after Christ. Into Tibet it was intro- the tope is surrounded by a massive colonnade, 144| duced in the fifth century, and, after several persecu- feet in diameter from west to east, and 15H feet in di- tions, re-established in the tenth. Among the Mon- ameter from north to south. This enclosure is there- gols it gained a firm footing in the thirteenth century. I fore elliptical, the greater diameter exceeding the less- It was also adopted by several tribes in Asiatic Bus- er by 7 feet. By this arrangement a free passage is sia. It has for many centuries become stationary in obtained round the southern staircase, and a greater most countries, only in Bussia it is visibly on the de- breadth at the foot of the ascent. The breadth of the
cline. It still counts about 300,000,000 of adherents
V. Monuments and Remains. — Scattered through In- dia are numerous remains of caves, funereal monu- ments, and Topis, or religious edifices, none of which last are believed to be of later date than the third cen- tury B.C. The cave temples were probabby con- structed during the persecutions of the first eight cen- turies of our era. These remains are found in Afghan- istan, near the Indus and the Ganges, and around
cloister on the north-west and north-east sides aver- ages 9 feet 7 inches, the several measurements only differing by a few inches. From east to south the cloister increases rapidly in width; the breadth at the east being only 9 feet 11 inches, and at the foot of the staircase 13 feet 8 inches."
VI. Sources of Information. — From reasons stated above, the former works on Buddhism have lost much of their worth by the more thorough and coniprehen-
Bhilsa, in Central India. These last are described in | sive study of the Buddhist literature during the last The Bhilsa Topes, or Buddhist Monuments of Central few years. The best among the older works are Boh- India, by Major Cunningham (Lond. 1853). I len (Prof, at Koenigsberg), De Buddaismi origins et
estate (1827); Hodgson, Sketch of Buddhism (in the Trans, of the Royal Asiatic Society, ii, 1); E. Burnouf, Introductione a I'histoire du JSuddhisme Indien (Paris, 1844). The fullest account of the doctrines and worship of Buddhism, in the Eng- lish language, is given y the Rev. R. Spence I lardy (for more than 20 years Wesleyan mission- ary in Ceylon) in his Eastern Monachism(Lon- don, 1850), his ^4 Manu- A general idea of one of these singular monuments al of Buddhism (Lond. 1853), and his Legends and The-
" 1
may be gained from the following extract from Cun- ningham : "The great Sancbi Tope is situated on the western ed ■ of the hill. The ground has once been carefully leveled by cutting away the surface rock on the east, and by building up a retaining wall on the west The court (as it. now exists) averages one hun- dred and fifty yards in length, and is "exactly one hundred yards in breadth. In the midst stands the Great Chaitya, surrounded by a massive colonnade. The bald appearance of the solid dome is relieved by the lightness and elegance of the highly picturesque
git-ways. ( )n all sides are ruined temples, fallen col- umns, and broken sculptures; and even the tope it- self, which had withstood the destructive rancor of the
ories of the Buddhists (Lond. 1865). Among the re- cent works, based on a more comprehensive knowledge of the sources, are. Neve, Le Boudhisme, son Fondateur et ses Ecritures (Paris, 1854) ; Koppen, Die Religion des Buddha (1st vol. Berlin, 1857, 2d vol. [on Lamaism] 1869 i ; Barthelemy St. Hilaire, Le Bouddah et sa Reli- gion (Paris, 1859) ; and a Russian work by Wassiljew, on Buddhism: its Doctrines, History, and IMerature (St. Petersburg, 1859 sq. ; German transl. Der Buddh- ismus, etc., Leipz. 1860 sq.). A copious list of books on Buddhist literature is given by Schlagintweit, Buddhism in Tibet (LeipSi and Lond. 1863). _ See also Mi rcershwg I!< view, x, 294 ; Edinburgh Review, April, 1862; Pierer, Universal-Lexikon, s. v. ; Chambers, En-
BUDDICOM
911
BUGENHAGEN
cyclopedia, s. v. ; and the articles Gotama ; India ; China ; Japan.
Buddicom, Robert PEDDER, a learned clergy- man of the Church of England, studied at Cambridge, where he graduated as eighth wrangler, 1806. After passing some time as fellow of Queen's College, he be- came incumbent of St. George's, Everton, 1814, and principal of St. Bee's College, 1840. He died in 1846. His writings include Friendship villi Cud illustrated in the Life of Abraham (Lond. 1839, 2 vols, 12mo) :— The Christian Exodus (2d ed. Liverpool, 1839, 2 vols. 12mo) : • — Sermons, chief/// practical (Lond. 2 vols. 12mo, n. d.): —The Atonement (Liverpool, 1839, 8vo).
Budnaeus, or Budny, Simon, a Polish theologi- an in the second half of the 16th century, was minister at Klecenie, and afterward at Lost. Becoming a dis- ciple of Servetus, he denied the divinity of Christ and his miraculous conception, and anticipated in many respects the later rationalism. Being a man of tal- ents, he made many disciples, especially in Lithuania. In 1582 he was excommunicated by the Synod of Luclau : and this, with other causes, led him to greater moderation of language, if not of sentiment, and he united with the Pinczovians, a Socinian sect. He published a Polish translation of the Bible ; also Libil- lus de duabus naturis in Christo ; Apologia Polonica. See Bock, Jlistoria Antitrinitariorum; Hoefer, Nouv. Biog. Generate, vii, 729.