The great increase of the worldly power of the cler- gy under the Carlovingian dynasty necessitated more copious and complete collections of the canons. Among the more important we name (1) the CoUedio Ansdmo dedicata (888-897, 12 vols.), of Italian origin. It m- dudes the pseudo-Isidorian decretals, and also the In- stUutet ofjtuiiman, which for the first time nbw appear in the canon law collections. (2) Begini*s LUni duo de caauiB SgnodaUbut et diecip. eccles. was compiled about A.D. 906, and includes also some of the fidse decretals. It is important for its account of the acts of German councils. (8) Burchard*s Uber decretorum eottectarium (1012-1028), in 20 t>ooks. To strengthen the authority of certain canons, Burchard ascribes them to too early dates, and his errors, followed by Gratian, have been incorporated into later books. The nine- teenth book, treating of penitential discipline, one of whose tities is Conmetudmet superstitioea, throws much light on the state of society in that age. Several edi- tions exist : the latest is in Migne, Fatrolog. vol. 140 (Paris, 1858). (4) Important manuscript collections of tiie eleventh centnry are the Collectio duodecimpar- tium (after 1028) ; tiiat of Anselm of Lucca (died 1086), in 18 books ; two collections of cardinal Deusdeditj each m 4 books (1086-1087), in whkh the valuable archives of the Lateran were employed. (5) To Ivo qfCharti es (died 1117) two collections are ascribed, viz. : the De- cretum, in 17 books, and the Patmormia, in 8 books, of which the former seems to be a collection of materi»«]8 for the latter. They are given by Migne, Patrolog. Lat. vol. clxL There are several other MS. colleo- tions of minor importance.
III. From the Tvelflh Centmy.—!, GraHan's. The want of a collection containing all canons and decre- tals of general interest, omitting merely local ones, and having a good arrangement, began to be univer- sal about the twelfth century. Gratian, a monk of the convent of St. Felix, in Bologna, undertook to sup- ply it. His work b now known as the Decretum Gm- tiani. It was compiled fh>m all preceding books and many MSS. It is divided into three parts. The first part is subdivided into 101 Bistinetiones, and each of these into canons. Of tlie distinctionesy 81 relate to the clci^i And this part of the book is called by Gratian himaelf Tractaius ordinandorum. 'Part II contains 86 caus(Bj or points of law, subdivided into quesOones, each of which is answered by canones. Part III, Be conse- crationej contains the sacraments, in five Dtstinciiones. In this work Gratian not only made a collection of the different canons in a certain order, but presented all the canons treating upon one subject under that head. The decretum^ with all its shortcomings — for it was not yet a complete work — soon supereeded all other collections. But what mostiy helped to gain for this decretum its position is, that Gratian*s comments and elucidations resulted in the formation of a new school of canonists and decretalists at Bologna. This made the decretum known to all the churches, and brought it into such high esteem that the popes them- selves quoted it, though it was not received by them as an official codex.
2. Other Collections before Gregory 7X.— The papal decretals after the twelfth centuiy became so abun- dant on points of discipline that the collection of Gra^ tian, however complete at first, soon ceased to be so, and new collections were made. We mention only the principal ones.
(1.) The Breviarvum extraoagantium of Bemardus of Pavia (t bishop of Pavia 1218), compUed in 1190, and containing newer decretals not in Gratian*s Decre- tum, and therefore called extra decretum ffagantee, for which he made use of several minor collections poste- rior to Gratian, e. g. the Appendix CcncUii Lattranen- sis, etc. His divisions under the tities Index, Indici- urn, CleruSf Connubia (Sponsalia), and Crimen were adopted in subsequent collections. The Summa of this work, written by Bemardus himself| was approved
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of b7 tiie Bologna schooL As this was tiie fint col- lection of ExtraioaganUi, it is known as Vohmen pri- tmcm, or Compilatio prima.
(2.) Tlie compilation of Petrtu CoUwacimu^ made by order of Innocent III, containing the decretals of Innocent daring the first eleren yean of his reign (1198-1210). It was approved by Uie Bologna canon- ists, and known as Compdatio tertia. The decretals of the popes, from Alexander III QlBl) to Celestin III (1198), were compiled by Oilbertos and Alanns, two Englishmen, but were not received at Bologna until they were revised and completed by Johannes Gallen- sis, which was admitted and known as Con^pUaAo se- cwndoL
(8.) The CompUatio quarta was made after the fourth Lateran Council (1215), and contains the decre- tals of Innocent after 1210. These four compiladons are given by Labb6, Awtiqua coUectkmes decretalium cum Ant, AuguH. ei /. Ck^acU not, et emend, (Paris, 1609-1621).
8. Decretal of Gregory /X. — In 1280 CJregoiy IX directed his chaplain, Raymond of Pennaforte, to make a new collection of decretals, suppressing many superfluous parts of the old collections, and arranging the whole systematically. This Decretalium Gregorii IX compUatio was in 1284 sent by the pope to the Uni- versity of Bologna, with the bull VolerUet igitur, super- seding the older compilations, although two of them had been published by popes. The new collection was introduced into univerd^ instruction as well as gen- eral practical use. Appendices and supplements were added by Innocent lY (1245), Alexander IV, Urban lY, Clement IV, and GregoTy X.