Cappel (Cappellds), LouIb, younger brother of the foregoing, was bom near Sedan, October 16, 1586. In 1609 the church in Bordeaux provided funds for him, and he spent four years in travel and study in England, Belgium, and Germany. In 1618 he became professor of Hebrew, and in 1633 (with Amyraldus and PlaciBUs) was professor of divinity at Saumur. He was a pious Christian, a most learned theologian, and a thorough Protestant in a time of great trial. Be- sides his theological and exegetical writings, he is ctiiefly memorable for his controversy with Buxtorff concerning the antiquity of the vowel points. His view was published in hft Arewmm punciionit revelahun (1623 ; reprinted in the appendix to his Comm, et NoUjb CrUicte, Amst. 1689). It was, that these points were invented by the Jews of Tiberias some six hundred years subsequently to the death of Christ ; whereas Buxtorff held them to be coeval with the language. The opinion of Cappellus lias since been generally re- ceived. His greatest work was the Critica Sacra, con- taining, among many other learned and valuable dis- sertations, a collection of various readings and errors which had crept into the text of the Bible. He was occupied thirty-six years upon this work, which the Protestants so much disliked that they hindered the impression of it, and it was not given to the public un- til 1660, when John, his son, who joined the commu- nion of the Church of Rome, obtained leave of the king to print it Buxtorff (the son) criticised It sharp- ly, and also bitterly attacked Cappellus for his theory of the vowel points in his Tractatus de Punciorum Oti- gint, etc. (Basel, 1648 ; 8d part 1651, 4to). Cappellus replied in a Jtuta defensio (printed in later editions of the Critica Sacra), He fiurther published, on the text of the O. T., Diairiba de veris et Antiquis Ebraorum li- teria (Amst. 1645, 12mo), in reply to Buxtorff. A new edition of the CrU, Sac, appeared at Halle (1776-86) in 8 vols. 8vo. In 1610 he visited Oxford. He died at Saumur, June 16, 1658. Among his other works are, Hiitoria ApostoUca iUustrata (Geneva, 1634, 4to ; and in the London edition of the Critica Sacra, 1660): — Spi- ciieffium pod messem, a collection of criticisms on Uie New Testament (Geneva, 1632, 4to) :—De critica nuper a $e edita ad Rev, virum D, Jacob, Usgerium, Armaca- num in Hibemia Episcopum, Epittoh Apologet, (Salm. 1651, 4to) : — CommentarH et Noke Criticm in Vet, Tett, (Amst 1689, fol.). A full Ibt is given by Haag, La France FrotestarUe, iii, 199 ; in Niceron, vol. xxii ; and also in the edition, by his son, of his Comment, et Nota CritiocB in V, T, (Amst 1689, fol.), which also gives bi- ographical sketches, under the title De Cappellontm Gente, of the distinguished members of the Cappel fam- ily. His Correspondence with Usher is given in Parr's Collection of Usher's Letters. He also wrote Chronologia Sacra (1665, 4to), reprinted among the prolegomena of Walton's Polyglot. — Hoefer, Now, Bing. Generate, viii, 615 ; Herzog, ReaUEncykiopddie, ii, 666.
Captain is the rendering, in the Auth. Vers., of numerous Heb. and several Greek words, of which the following only require special elucidation. For the •'•13, kari', rendered " captains," 2 Kings xi, 4, 19, see CHBRETHmss.
(1.) As a purely military title, captain answers to *lto, 8ar, in the Hebrew army, and xiXiapxoc (tribunus) in the Roman. See Asmt. The *^ captain of the guard"
(trrparoirfSapxnO spoken of in Acts xxviii, 16 was the Praetorian prafect. See Chronoloot, p. 812, b.
(2.) *|'^2C^, iat*in\ which is occasionally rendered captain, applies sometimes to a military (Josh, x, 24 : Judg. xi, 6, 11 ; Isa. xxii, 3 ; Dan. xi, 18), sometimes to a civil command (e. g. Isa. i, 10 ; iii, 6) : its radical sense is division, and hence dednon without reference to the means employed : the term illustrates the double office of the Idfi^, $hophet% or dictator ("judge'*). See Judge.
(3.) O-^ic, ehaUik' (Exod. xiv, 7; xv, 4; 2 Sam. xxiii, 8; 1 Kings ix, 22; 2 Kings ix, 25; x, 25; xr, 25; IChron. xi,ll; xii,18; 2 Chron. viii, 9 ; "lord,^ 2 Kings vii, 2, 17, 19; Ezek. xxiii, 28; "prince," Ezek. xxiii, 15), prop, a third man, L e. one of three, Gr. Tptvrdrtjg, a higher order of soldiers, who fought from chariots, chariot^uxtrriort (Exod. xiv, 7; xv, 4; 1 Kings ix, 22 ; ivafiarai, irapaparai, Horn. Itiad, xxiii, 82 ; Eurip. Supplic. 679) ; employed also for the body-guard of kings (1 Kings ix, 22; 2 Kings x, 25; 1 Chron. xi, 11 ; xii, 18). The Sept has Tpttrrarat, i. e. according to Origen and Gregory of Nyssa (in the Catena), " soldiers fitting fh>m chariots," and so called because each chariot contained three soldiers, one of whom managed the horses, while the other two fought (comp. Ewald, Geick. ler. ii, 81). For although on the Egyptian monuments usually but one, or at most two appear in the war-chariots, yet occasionally, as certainly in the Assyrian bas-reliefis, in addition to the driver and the warrior, an armor-bearer or umbrel- la-bearer b depicted as standing in the chariot, who might properly be termed temariu$, or a third man. See Chariot. It is true the Hebrew army did not originally consist of cavalry, although chariots were in use among the Canaanites, and the first occurrences of the term iQ'^i'i^ are in connection with the Egyp- tians ; but at a later date a chariot-squadron was or- ganized (1 Kings X, 26; comp. ix, 9; v, 6; 2 Sam. viii, 4). Consequently, it is not strange that amonc the battalions of David and Solomon (2 Sam. xxiii, 8) there should be named as a prominent hero the leaidcr of these thatishim C^^^^^ tlih, or, rather, Q-^C^Trn; comp. Gesenius, Lehrgeb, p. 625 ; BCtticher, Spfc. p. 88 sq. ; Ewald, Gramm, Hfb. 5th ed. § 152, c 177 a). Solomon's chariot-men (I'^IT^^S) are mentioned (1 Kings ix, 22 ; 2 Chron. viii, 9) as next to the pnefects of his chariot-force (i23*l *^^b). After the times of Solomon there certainly were chariot-combatants (easp- darii) as royal officers in the northern kingdom, and in the reign of Jehu runners and charioteers (D'i:C^n d'^O^^ni) formed, as it were, the king's Prsatorian cohort (2 Kings x, 25); and the chief of these Prsto- rians (called by eminence tJ'^^^Jl or tJ^S*!? ^^^) was among the most noble of the regal attendants (q. d. adjutant-general). Accordingly, Joram had an of- ficer of this title, " on whose hand the king leaned" (2 Kings vii, 2, 17, 19); Jehu's charioteer was Bidkar (2 Kings ix, 26) ; and Pekah held this eminent office under Pekahiah (2 Kings xv, 26\ Others, however (after Drusius), hold that the ttJ'^PW was merely the third officer in rank after the king, or commanded a third part of the army (comp. the Roman tertiarit). So the Greek glossarists (ap. Drusius ad Ezech, and in Fragm, Vet. interpr, Gr, p. 145 ; Schleusner, Nov, TTke- taur, s. V. rpurraTfiQ ; Dufresne, Glostar, s. v. ; see RosenmQller, Scholia ad Exod. xiv, 7). See Chief OF Three.