^tfjid. IM. p. 17 [ib. 1M;J}, «id &jjme of them under , cially in the provinces— but simply in order to levy a
CARACCIOLI
lie
CARAVAN
greater tmoant of taxes on releases and heritages, which were paid only by citizens. In his campaigns he imitated at one time Alexander, at another time Solla ; while his main object was to oppress and ex- hanst the provinces, which had been in a great measure spared by the tjranny of former emperors. In 217 he was assassinated, at the instigation of Macrinus, pre- fect of the Praetorians, by one of his veterans named Martialis, on the 8th of April, 217, on the way from Edessa to Carrhe. Historians paint the life of Cara- calla in the darkest colors. Among the buildings of Caracalla in Rome, the baths— Therms CaracallsB — near Porta Copena, were most celebrated, and their ruins are still magnificent." Caracalla, cruel to man- kind, was yet indifibrent to religion, and during his reign no new persecutions were devised against the Christians. Spartianos (^Viia CaracaUi^ i, 707) tells a story of his being greatly affSected, at seven years of age, on hearing that a Jewish boy had been punished for his religion. From a passage in Tertullian {ad Seaptdcuny cap. 4) it is inferred that Caracalla had a Christian nur8e.---Chambers'8 Eticyc. ; Lardner, Worht, vii, 810-812; Gibbon, Dec. and Fall (ed. Milman), ch. vi.
Caraccioli, 6ax.eazzo, marquis of Yico, one of the earliest and most distinguished followers of the Reformation in Italy. Born in Naples, in 1517, of a noble family, which had given warriors to the field and cardinids to the Church, he began life with the most brilliant prospects. Married at twenty to Vitto- ria, daughter of the duke of Novera, he had by her six children. In 1541 he heard Peter Martyr, and after a long and painful investigation, in spite of the dis- tressing conviction that he would have to leave fam- ily, friends, home, and wealth in abandoning Rome, he became a Protestant, and in 1551 escaped to Grene- ▼a. His fkther, his uncle cardinal Caraffa, his wife, and his children sought for many years to change his purpose, but in vain. In Geneva he acquired the en- tire confidence of Calvin, who dedicated to him his Commentary on 1 Corinthians (edit. Tholuck, p. 205). He died in great peace, 1586. His life, by Balbano, will be found in the Museum Heivedeum^ viii, 1748, p. 619 ; and, abridged, in Gerdes, Specimen Italia Refor- mala (Lugd. Bat. 1765, 4to). See M'Crie, Reformation in Italy; Herzog, Real-Encyklopddie, ii, 574.
Caraites. See Karaites.
Caraznuel (Juan de LobhouHtz\ a Spanish theolo-
gian, was bom at Madrid, May 23, 1606. He became a Cistercian, and after several preferments, among which was the abbey of Melrose, in Scotland, was made vicar general of the archbishopric of Prague When the Swedes, in 1648, besieged the city, Cara- muel, fori^tting his episcopal character, set himself at the head of a body of ecclesiastics on the battle-field. His services were rewarded by the emperor with a col- lar of gold. In 1657 he was made bishop of Campag- na, in Naples, which he resigned in 1678, but afterward became bishop of Vigevano, in the Milanese, where he died, Sept. 8, 1682. He was *' a man of vast but ill- digested learning, with an ill-regulated imagination. His moral theology {Theologia Mora&M, Louvain, 1643, fol.) is so universally decried that even Romanists have censured it. He taught that the commandments of the Decalogue are not immutable in their nature, and that God is able to change or dispense with them, as in cases of theft, adulter}', etc. ; he also held that the smallest degree ot probciiUty justified any criminal action." A list of his numerous writings (37 vol- umes) is given by Nicolas Antonio, BiblMieoa Hiap. Nona, — Now>, Biog, GhUrale^ viii, 666.
Caransa. See Cabbaivza.
Caravan, the Arabic name for a body of pilgrims or merchants travelling in the East Orientals who have occasion to journey — ^whether for pleasure, relig- ion, or profit — ^usually do so in companies, for the sake of society as well as protection. Hence the most mot- ley associations may take place, "fhey often consist of hundreds of persons, mostly mounted on camels, which (including those for baggage) f^^quently amoont to several thousands. Such spectacles are common in all parts of Turkey, Persia, and Arabia, especially through the sandy deserts. They march at ficrti dis- orderly, but after a short period of practice with great regularity, mostly by night, in companies which are each kept together by a large beacon-fire on the top of its own peculiar standard. Much time is consumed in packmg and unpacking; but when this confuaed scene of preparation is over, they travel with great uniformity (see Eaek. xu, 8) fix>m about eight P.M. till about midnight (Luke xi, 5, 6). In the cooler sea- sons they journey by day, only haltmg for a brief r^ past at noon. Seven or eight hours is the usual day's stage (Homemann, p. 150), or about 17 to 20 miles. See Tbaveller.
Modem Orieotal Caravan.
CARAVANSERAI
117
CARAVANSERAI
L Commereki C^smeam.— The eaxliesC of these on record is thai to which Joseph was sold (Gen. xxxrii), consisting of Ishmaelites (ver. 26), Midianites (ver. 28), and Medanhes (ver. 86, Heb.), who were on the high-road through Dothan to the mart of Egypt with the spices of In^ and Hadramant (Vincent, Commerce and NarigcOkm of ike Andente^ ii, 262). Snch often STsil themselTce at the present day of Uie second class of eazavans mentioned below. See Gommbrcb.