CARDINAL
119
CARDINAL
probably Uglath-pileser. That OarchemiBb waa a ftiODgbold on the Euphrates appears from the title of a prophecy of Jeremiah against Egypt (xlvi, 2): "Against the army of Pharaoh-necho, king of Egypt, which Uy on the riyer Euphrates, at Carchemish, and which Nebuchadnezzar, the king of Babylon, over- threw, m the fourth year of Jehoiakim, the son of Jo- siah, king of Jndah,'' i e. B.C. 606. According to 2 Chron. zxxv, 20, Necho had advanced with Ills ally Josiah, the figither of Jehoiakim, against the Babyloni- ans, on the Eophrates, to take Caichemish, B.C. 609. These two circumstances— 4he position of Carchemish on the Euphrates, and its being a frontier town, ren- der it i»obable (see Layard, Ninevth and Babylon^ p. 199) that the Hebrew name points to a city wl^ch the Greeks called Kowc^ov, the Latins Cercugktm, and the Arabs Kerhuiffek (Schultens, Index, Geogr, s. v. ; Bftter, Erdk, xi, 695) ; for this too lay on the western bank of the Euphrates, where it is joined by the Cha- boras (comp. Bochart, Phaleg^ iv, 21 ; Cellaril Notit. ii, 715 sq. ; Michaells, Supplem, p. 1352 sq.). It was a htfge ci^, and surrounded by strong walls, which, in the time of the Romans, were occasionally renewed, as this was the remotest outpost of their empire, toward the Eaphrates, in tlie direction of Persia (Ammian. MarcelL xxiii, 5 ; Zozim. iii, 12 ; Procop. Bell, Pen. ii, 5 ; comp. Procop. ^d'/. i, 6 ; Ptolemy, v, 18, 6), Car- chemish is named in the cuneiform inscriptions (q. ▼.), which show it to have been, from about B.C. 1100 to B.C. 850, a chief city of the Hittites, who were mas- ters of the whole of Syria from the borders of Damas- cus to the Euphrates at Bir, or Bireh-jik; it is also mentioned on the Egyptian hieroglyphical sculptures (Layard, lU Mjp. p. 805, 538). At the point "where the Khabnr (the ancient Chebar) Joins the Euphrates, there are large mounds on both banks of the former river, marking the sites of old cities, or perhaps of dif> ferent sections of one great city. The mound on the right bank is crowned with a modem Arab village, called Abu Serai, or " Father of Palaces" (Chesney, EMph, Exp. i, 118). It stands on a narrow wedge- shaped plain, in the fork of the two rivers. This cor- responds exactly to Procopius's description of Circe- sfaim, who says that its fortifications had the form of a triangle at the junction of the Chabur and Euphrates (BeU. Pen. ii, 5). This seems to be the true site of Carchemish. It was visited by Benjamin of Tudela in the twelfth century, who found in it two hundred Jews (Ecarkf TraveU in Pal. p. 93). According to oth- ers, however (following the Syriac and Arabic ver- sions), it lay very much higher up the Euphrates, oo- copjing nearly the site of the later Mabug^ or Hierap- olis. Dr. Hinks maintains, from his reading of the Assjrrian inscriptions, that tiie true site of Carchemish is at or near Bir^ on the opposite bank of the Euphra- tes, and about 200 miles higher up than it is generally thought to be {Jmtr, Sac IM, July, 1854, p. 408). Still less probable ia the supposition that it is the Cadj/He of Herodotus (see Heinii Dmertt, Sacr, AmsL 1726, p. 28). See Calkbh.
Cardinal (canfina£w, prmdpal ; firom eardo, a hinge), the title of an eminent class of dignitaries in the Boman Church, so styled as if the axle or hinge on which the whole government of the Church turns ; or as they have, from the pope*s grant, the hinge and government of the Bomish Church. Pope Ei^nius rV states the derivation from cardo^ a hinge, as fol- lows: Siad per oardinem volviiw oetium donntSy ka sti' per hoe Sedes ApostolUxL, totku Eodem ostiumy quieecU et nutentatur (see Dnfresne, s. y. cardUudit).
L Cardinal Priests, etc. — In early days the name cardinal was used with great latitude ih the Roman Church. Its first definite application was to the prin- cipal priests of the parishes of Rome ; the chief priest of a parish, next to a bishop, being presbyter ewduia^ fit, to distinguish him from the other priests who had no church. It is uncertain when the term was first
applied, but it seems that Stephen lY (770) was the first who selected seven bishops out of the number of the see of Rome, and gave them the title of cardinal, oblig- ing them to say mass every Sunday in St.. Peter's. Leo IV, in a council of Rome held in 858, calls them preritffteros m cardims, and their churches parochias octrdinales. At a sul)sequent period the priests and deacons of other cities of unportance assumed the title of cardinal, to distinguish them from other priests and deacons over whom they claimed supremacy ; but the popes subsequently ordained that none but those whom they had chosen should be honored with that title. Among those whom the popes thus appointed were the seven bishops suburbiearUy who took their titles from places in the neighborhood of Rome. These bishops were called kebdomadariij because they attended the pope for a week each in his turn. These cardinals took part with the Roman clergy in the election of the pope, who was generally chosen from their number. But it was not until the edict of Nicolas II, A.D. 1059 (see below), that the body of cardinals, as such, had a proper existence as a recognised branch of the ecclesi- astical 83retem.