CARBUNCLE
118
CARCHEMISH
be his covering. He is usually obliged to content some rice, dried nislns, dates, and, above all, coiS^ himself with such cold food or fruits as he has himself berries, with a roaster and a -wooden mortar to pound brought His outfit should therefore consist at least them : all this is in addition to such more substantial of the following articles : a carpet, a mattress, a blan- ^ provisions as he may prefer or can convenientlj carry.
ket, two saucepans with lids, contained within each other ; two dishes^ two plates, eto., a coffee-pot, all of well-tinned copper; also a small wooden box for salt and pepper, a round leather table, which he suspends from his saddle, small leather bottles or baga for oil, melted butter, water, a tinder-box, a cocoannt cup,
The porter in attendance can only be relied upon to show him his chamber, and perhaps ftimish him with a key. In case of sickness, however, the latter is gen- erally able to administer simple remedies, and may even set a broken limb. — Kitto, s. v. See Cara-
VAH.
Interior of a CaniTanserai.
Carbtincle is the rendering in the Auth. Vers, of the following Heb. and Gr. words: 1. T^1}\^^ dedack% only Isa. liv, 12 (Sept. jcpvirraXXoc, Vulg. (lapis] tculp- tus\ some tparklinff gem (from H*?)^, to inflame). 2. nj^na, bare'keihy only Exod. xxviii, 17, and xxxix, 10, as the third in the first row of the high-priest's breastplate (Sept. fffidpaydo^y Vulg. imaragdus, i. e. emerald) ; or Mp'^a, barehath', only Ezek. xxviii, 18 (Sept 6vi;x«ov, Vulg. tmaragdui). From the etymol- ogy (p^3, to Jkuh^y we assume that a stone of a bright coruscant color is meant. Kalisch translates it ima- raffdf or emerald, and says it is a sort of precious co- rundum of strong glass lustre, a beautiful green color, with many degrees of shade, pellucid and doubly re- fractive. Pliny enumerates twelve species of emer- ald. They are not rare in Egypt (see Braun. de Vett. SacerdoU. p. 617 sq.). 8. 'Av^pa^, lit a coal of fire, Tobit xiii, 17 ; Ecclus. xxxii, 6. 4. The carbuncle is thought by many to be denoted by the word "^^fib, no'- phek ('* emerald," Exod. xxviii, 18 ; xxxix, 11 ; Ezek. xxvii, 16 ; xxviii, 18). See Emerald. Under the name ** carbuncle'* are comprehended several brilliant red stones of the clay fkmily which resemble a glow- ing coal, such as the ruby, the garnet, the spinel, but particularly the almandin, that is, the noble Oriental garnet, a transparent red stone with a violet shade and strong glass lustre. Probably it is not so hard as the ruby, which, indeed, is the most beautiful and costly of the precious stones, of red color, but, at the same time, so hard that engravings cannot easily be made in it (RosenroQller, Alierlh. iv, 1, 34). In the present state of our knowledge respecting the ancient Hebrew mineralogy, it is impossible to determine with precision what particular gem is denoted by either of these terms, although they all evidently were precious stones of a brilliant fiery hue. See Gem.
Car'^cas (Heb. D3*13, Karka$\ comp. the Sanscrit harha^f severe ; Sept. eaj3d( v. r. SapafSd, Vulg.
Charcha8\ the last named of the seven ennochs ('* chamberlains*') in the harem of Ahasnems (Xerx- es), who were dhrected to bring queen Vashtt into the royal convivial party (Esth. i, 10). B.C. 483.
Carcase (nj;ij, rta^, nbas, ^iB, irr&na), the dead body of a man or beast (Joish. viii, 29 ; Isa. xiv, 19 ; Heb. iii, 17, eto.). According to the Mosaic law, any Israelite became ceremonially unclean until the evening (and in turn rendered whatever he touched unclean. Hag. ii, 14 ; comp. Num. xix, 22), by (unwit- ting) contact, under any circumstences, with a dead animal of the ** unclean" class (Lev. v, 2 ; xi, 8 sq. ; comp. Deut. xiv, 8), or with any "clean" animal, in case it had not been regularly slain according to the prescribed mode (Lev. xi, 89 sq.). The eating of any (clean) beast that had died an accidentel or natural death was still more strictly forbidden (Lev. xxii, 8; comp. Ezek. iv, 14; xliv, 81); but it might be sold as food to a foreigner (Deut xiv, 2). Carrion was doubtless buried or hurried. On the sepulture of persons found dead, see Homicide. An unburied car- case (Jer. xxxvi, 80 ; Psa. Ixxix, 8) was considered by the ancients the height of Indignity and misfortune (Virgil, ^n. x, 559). See Burial. The Levitical enactmente respecting all dead bodies evidently bad their origin in sanitery reasons in a climate so liable to pestilence (Michaelis, Mot. Recht, iv, 309 sq.). On the incident of the beehive in the skeleton (Jndg. xiv, 8), see Bee. — Winer, i, 2. On the allusion to the vul- ture's scent for putrid fiesh, Matt, xxiv, 28 (Loder, Ik cadavere Judaico^ ah aqmlis Romams discerpendOj Ar- gent 1716 ; Rechenberf?, De adagio ChrisU, eto., Lips. 1696), see Eagle. Comp. Wemyss, Symbol. Diet. s. v.
Car'ohamis (1 Esdr. i, 26). See Carchehish.
Car^chemiBh (Heb. Karkemish', IS'^pS'nS, prob. fort of Chemosh ; Sept. XapfuiQ v. r. Kapxafiffc in Jer., but omite in Chron. and Isa., Xapicafivc in 1 Estdr. i, 6), mentioned in Isa. x, 9 among other places in Syria which had been subdued by an Assyrian king.