There is likewise an order of Capuchin nuns {Capu- chines or Ct^mcmea), also known as Ntau of the Passion, instituted by Maria Lorenza Longa, the widow of a no- ble Neapolitan. Their first establishment was at Na- ples, in 1538, wfcen they took the third rule of St. Francis. They, however^ soon quitted this for the more rigid rule of St. Clara. Of this order only a few convents are left, most of them in Italy and Switzer- land, with a few In France, Bavaria, and South Amer- ica. See Annates Soar, hist, ordinis minorwn S. Fran- Qsd, qui Ca^pucim wuncupantur (Lugd. 1682); Wadding, Amcdes ord. Minor, t. xvi ; Fehr, Gesch. der Mdnchs- ordm, nac& Hmrion, i, 808.
Capnciati or Caputiati : (1.) A sect which arose ■bout AD. 1186, named from a cowl or cap which they wore as a badge. It was founded by one Durand, re- puted to hare been a carpenter (others say a butcher), who published that the Vir,jjin had appeared to him and given him her image, and that of her Son, with thb Inscription : " O Lamb of God, that takest away the sins of the world, grant us peace!*' adding that phe directed him to take the image to the bishop of Puy, in order that he might form a society of all those who desired to restore peace in church and state ; who should, in token of their belonging to such a society, wear a white hood, or capuche, with a leaden image like the pattern. Many persons in Burgundy joined the sect. They were put down by Hugo, bishop of Auxerre. (2.) Some of the Wicliffites, in England, abo obtained the name of Capucj^ about the year UiTjbpeanse tli^y rnfn^prl to nncr>*r their heads be- iw* lh» H««t.— Mofiheim, Ch. UhtL tent, xii, pt ii, ch. T, f U^ Bergter, Dldt. de Thfoli^^if, i, 361.
Car. S^ Beth-car ; Cahr ; Cabt.
<Cii« (UT Kahaw), Joaepii, t^on of Simeon Cara f<£l.v*),a celeliratcd Jewish rominentator on the O. T., lited in the north of Fmntc towani the end of the eltviiia cantary, FoUowin^ the r^t simple of his un- c^lfenichem bcn-Cheltm, Joflpph C^ira abandoned the *tt«p*K^ tn&lB of interpreUtifm of which his own filhw was a great defentler, and dovot^ his talents to ailmple and grfcmmiitica! inti^rpretation of the Bibli- cdteit. fliii commcDtariiWf whk-h extend over near- ly t&ft iirbote Old Tefttiime»it, are rlis-tinguished for log- ^^ wqnence and lucirl diction^ hut nf most of them ^^pMoli only have thus fur tnon printed. His ^*mKA upon Itafhi'A coniinetitary on the Pentateuch (p^'nn tf'f^B) have mMtly hcj-n printed by Geiger {leiti^hr. IT, 138-40 [Stutt.^. lfi;i;}] ; aee his Beitrdge
the title fi'^OIplb, in his fi'^5^53 ''?a3 (BresL 1847), and Parshandatha (Leipzig, 1856). Fragments of his commentary on The Prophets (p'^HV^^^ ttJ'»"»B) are given by De Rossi in his Varia Leeiiones (Parina, 1785) ; n; b? ^2p, by Leopold Dukes (EsUngen, 1846); D''3«55'^?03, by Geiger (Bresl. 1847). Fragments of the commentaries on Esther, Ruth, and Lamentations have been published by Dr. Adolph Jellinek (Leipzig, 1855). The commentary on Lamentations has been printed in Naples, 1847, and reprinted in the collection, d'^pan '^'12'n (Metz, 1849). The commentary on Job is reprinted in Frankers Monatschrifi far Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judenthums (1856-58). His com- mentary on JE^osea was published in Breslau, 1861. See FQrst, Bibliotheea Judaica, ii, 170 ; Kitto, Cyclop. 1,444.
Cara, Simeon, ben-Chelbo, also called R. Simeon had-Darshan, a celebrated Jewish commentator, lived in the eleventh century. He was a brother of the celebrated Menachem ben-Chelbo, and received the name Kara (fi^^l?) *** *^® synagogue for his lesson on the Sabbath, and the name had-Darshan from his col- lecting and explaining OTZJ^?) the Midrashim. Cara is the author of the celebrated Jalkut (pi\ph^), a col- lection of Midrashim on almost eveiy verse of the Old Testament. He brought together a catena of tradi- tional expositions from upward of fifty different worlcs of all ages, many of which are of great value. Ten different editions of this work appeared between 1526 and 1805 ; one of the best and most convenient is that published at Frankfort on the Maine, 1687, folio. See Rapaport in the Hebrew annual called Kerem Chemed (l^n D'lS, vii, 4, etc.); Zunz, Die GottesdienstUchen Vorfyrdge'der Juden (p. 296-808) ; Steinschneider, Cata- logus Ubrorum Htbraontm in Bibliotheea BoiUeiana (Berlin, 1852-60, coU 2600, 2604 ; Kitto, Q/dop. i, 444).
Caraba'^sion (Kapapaaiutv v. r. ^Papavlmf, Yulg. MarimotK), a name given (1 Esdr. ix, 84) as one of the ^* sons" of Maani (Bani) that divorced his Gentile wife after the exile, and apparently corre- sponding to the Chblluh (q. v.) of the Hebrew text (Ezra X, 85), although the list is here greatly corrupt.
Caracalla or Caracallus (properly Marcus AuRELius Antoninus Bassianus), a Roman emper- or. He was son of the emperor Septimius Severus, and was bom at Lyon, A.D. 188. The name CaracalU never appears on medals, but was a nickname from his long-hooded tunic, made in the fiishion of the Gauls, and so called in their language. '* After his father's death, A.D. 211, he ascended the throne as co -regent with his brother Pub- lius Septimius Antoni- nus Geta, whom he af- ^^ terward caused to be \^(^!^*^ tf ^ murdered. Having bribed the Pnetorians to make him sole em- peror, Caracalla next directed his cruelty against all the adhe- rents of Geta, of whom twenty thousand of both sexes — including the great jurist Papin- ianus — were put to » ^ #,, death. Innumerable B«*ofO««»n.. acts of oppression and robbery were employed to raise supplies for the unbounded extravagance of the des- pot, and to pay his soldiers. In his fiimous constitu- tion, he bestowed Roman citizenship on all his free subjects not citizens — who formed the majority, espe-