Caste. See Hindooisii.
Castell, EDinnffD, a learned English divine, was bora at Hatley, Cambridgeshire, 1606, and was edi»> cated at Immanud and St. John's colleges, Cambridge. While at the University he compQed his Zextcon Hep- tagiotton, Dictionary of Seven Luiguages (Lond. 1669, 2 vols. foL), after seventeen years' labor on it. The publication cost him £12,000, and ruined him. He had, however, previously been ^pointed king's chap-
CASTELLIO
142
CASUISTRY
lAtn (166Q and Arabic professor at Cambridge, to j which were afterwards added a prebend of Canterboxy and the livings of Hatfield Peverell and Wodeham Walter. He died in 1686 rector of Higham Gobion, Bedfordshire. His Lezicon is one of the greatest mon- uments of industry known in literature. He was aid- ' ed in its preparation bj Dr. Mnrrayi bishop Beveridge, and Dr. Lightfoot Besides his vast labors on the Lexicon^ he was eminently useful to Walton in the : preparation of his Polyglot Bible. Walton acknowl- edges his services, but not adequately. — New General B^ffraph, Dictionary^ iii, IH ; Bibl. Repoeitory, x, 11 ; Todd, Life of WaUon, vol. i, ch. v ; Home, Introduo- tion, V, 252 (9th ed.).
Castellio. See Castalioit.
Castelltun (or Castra) Peregrindmin (Fots eigners' Station) or Pbtba IkcTsa (CtU Bock), a forti- fied seaport of the Crusaders in Palestine, between Mt. Carmel and Caesarea (Ritter, Erdk. zvi, 615 ; Raumer, Paldtt. p. 188) ; now Athlit, a most formidable-look- ing rum (Van de Yelde, Narrative, i, 812-814 ; Wilson, Lands of Bible, ii, 248). See Ahlab. Under the form Ca$tra (TV^TiOp) it seems to be mentioned by the Babbins (Beland, Pahst, p. 697 ; Schwarz, PaleH, p. 162).
Castle is the rendering in the A. Y. of the follow- ing words in certain passages: 'jis'^K, armon'^, a/or- trese (Prov. zviii, 19 ; elsewhere uniformly "palace") ; m*^:?, tirah', a wall ("row," Ezek. xlvi, 28), hence an endoture, e. g. Afortreu (" palace," Cant, viii, 9), or a nomade hanUei of palisades (Gren. xxv, 16; Num. xxi, 10 ; 1 Chron. vi, 54 ; "palace," Ezek. xxv, 4 ; po- eticaUy "habitation," Psa. Ixix, 26); n'^S/J-'a, bira- fiithf \ftom the synonymous M^'^a, birah', "palace;" see Babis], a cHadd (2 Chron. xvii, 12; xxvii, 4); b^^iQ, migdal' (1 Chron. xxvii, 25), a tower (as else- where rendered) ; Ti'O, mettad^ (1 Chron. xi, 7), or n*T!t:C13, metsudah' (1 Chron. xi, 5), a fori or itrong- hold (as elsewhere usually rendered) ; &Kp6iro\tQ, acrop- olia (2 Mace, iv, 27 ; v, 5) ; -rvpyog, a towef along a wall (2 Mace, x, 18, 20, 22) ; napsfJLpwXrj, a military enclosure (Acts xxi, 84, 87 ; xxii, 24 ; xxiii, 10, 16, 82) or station (" camp," Heb. ad, 84 ; xiii, 11, 18 ; Eev. xx, 9). See TowEB ; Palace, etc
Castles among the Hebrews were a kind of military fortress, AnequenUy built on an eminence (1 Chron. xi, 7). The priests' castles, mentioned in 1 Chron. vi, 54, may also have been a kind of tower, for the purpose of making known anything discovered at a distance, and for blowing the trumpets, in like manner as the Mo- hammedan imams ascend the minareis •f tlM mosques at the present day to call the people to prayers. The castles of the sons of Ishmael, mentioned in Gen. xxv, 16, were vratch-towers, used by the nomade shepherds for security against marauders. The " castle' ' in Acts xxi, 84, refers to the quarters of the Roman soldiers at Jerusalem in the fortress Antonia (q. v.), which was adjacent to the Temple and commanded it. See For- tification.
Cas'tor AND POL^'LUX, the Dioscuri (AiSokov- poi, Acts xxviii, 11), two heroes of Greek and Roman mythology, the twin-sons^f Japiter and Leda (see Smith's Diet, of Classical mog,, s. v. Dioscuri). They were regarded as the tutelary divinities (Oeot (rarr^pcc) of sailors (Xenoph. Sgmpos. viii, 29). They appeared in heaven as the constellation of Gemini, Chi ship- board they were recognised in the phosphoric lights called by modem Italian sailors the fires of Si, Smo, which play about the masts and the sails (Seneca, NaL Qwest, i, 1 ; oomp. PUny, xi, 87). Hence the frequent allusions of Roman poets to these divinides in connec- tion with navigation (see especially Horace, Carm. i, 8, 2, and iv, 8, 81). As the ship mentioned by Luke was from Alexandria, it may be worth while to no-
tice that Castor and Pollux were specially honored in the neighboring district of Cyrenaica {Schol, Pind. Pyth. V, 6). In Catull. iv, 27, we have distinct men- tion of a boat dedicated to them (see also Ixviii, 65). In art, these divinities were sometimes represented simply as stars hovering over a ship, but more fre- quently as young men on horseback, with conical caps, and stars above them (see the coins of Rhegium, a dty
Silver BratUan Coin, with the Heads of Castor and PoUuz ; also their Figures mounted.
of the Bruttii, at which Paul touched on the voyage in questk>n, verse 18). Such figures were probably painted or sculptured at the bow of the ship (hence trapdarifjLoy; see Smith, DvcC of Class, AnOq., a. v. In- signe). This custom was very frequent in ancient ship-building. See Ship. Herodotus says (iii, 87) that the Phosnidans used to place the figures of deities sit the bow of their vessels. Virgil {jEneid, x, 209) and Ovid (Trist. i, 10, 2) supply us with illustrations of the practice ; and Cyril of Alexandria (Cramer's Catenoy ad L c.) says that such was always the Alexandrian method of ornamenting each side of the prow. — SmiUi, 8. V. See Dioscuri.