In the writings of the early reformers (e. g. Melano- thon and> Calvin) there may be found moral directions approaching to casuistry. But the first regular trea- tise on casuistry in the Protestant Church was Per- kins, The whole Treaiite of Cotes of Conscience^ distsn^ guished into three BooXi (Lond. 1602, 1606; also in his Works, vol. ii, Lond. 1617 ; in Latin, Hanov. 1603 ; and in PerldnsH Opera, Geneva, 1624). See Pebkhts. He was followed by Henr. Alstedius (Reformed), Theologta Casuum, in 1621 (Hanover, 4to)*, F. Balduinus, Tract, de Casibus ConsdenHas (Yitemb. 1628, 4to; Lips. 1684, 4to); Amesius (Ames, q.v.),i>e Consdentia, ejus jure et Casibus (Amst 1680) ; Osiander, Thedogia CamaUs (Tabingen, 1680, 8vo). For other writers on casuistry in the Lutiieran and Reformed churches, see Walch, Bibliotkeea Theohgica, vol. ii, cap. vi. In the Church of England we find bishop Hall, Resolutions and Deci- sions ^ divers practieal Cases ofConsdenoe (Lond. 1649, 8vo) ; bishop Sanderson, Nine Cases of Conscience (Lon- don, 1678, sm. 8vo) ; Jeremy Taylor, Ductor DubUat^ tium, or JRule of Conscience (Works, Heber's edition, vols, xii-xiv). To casuistry belongs also Baxter's Christian Directory, a Sum of Practical Theology (foL 1678 ; and in Baxter's Practical Works, vols, ii-vi ; transl. into German, Frankf. 1698, 4to). Dickson, pro- fessor at Edinburgh, had previously published Thera- peuHca Sacra (Latin, 1656; English, 1695), a work which Baxter lauds highly. There is still at the Uni- versity of Cambridge, England, a professorship of Moral Theology or Casuistical Divinity, which was held by the late Dr. Whewell. See Whewell, Lectures on tiie Hie- tory of Moral Philosophy in England (Lond. 1852, 8vo) ;
Winer, T%eoh)g. IMerahtr, voL i, | ziii, d. ; Hetzog, ReaUEncyUopddie, ii, 607, 787 ; Orme, Life itf Baxter^ vol. ii, ch. V ; Hagenbach, Theolog. Encyklopddie, § 9i ; Stftudlin, Geschichie der theol, Wissensduiftai, 1,843 sq. ; Schweitzer, in Sludien «. KriUken, 1850, p. 554 ; Gasa, in lllgen'sZeits<Arift,iLn,lb2', Bickentetfa, Christ, Sta^ <feM^p.468.
CasiiB Reservftti (cases reserved), in the Roman Church, are cases of sin such as an ordinary confessor (q. V.) cannot absolve, but only an ecclesiastic of faigli rank, or one specially authorized by the pope far tbe purpose. See Canons of Trent, sess. xiv, ch. viL
Cat (aJXoypog, so called, according to Phavorinus, from nujving Us tail), an animal mentioned only in Ba- mch vi, 22, as among those which defile the gods of the
Nubian Wfld Gat {F^Us ManieulattO. heathen with impunity (see below). They are alluded to, however, in the Targnm (at Isa. xiO, 22 ; Hoe. ix, 6) under the name chathul', biinn, Arabic chaytal. Martial (xiii, 69) makes the only mention of catta in classical writers. Bochart (Eierot. ii, 206 sq.) thinks that by the word d*^^X, ts^fkn', in Isa. xiii, 21 ; xxxiv, '14; Jer. 1, 89, and Psa. Ixxiv, 14, some species of cats are meant ; but thb is veiy doubtful (Michaelis, SuppL p. 2086). SeeBsAST. The Greek oiXovpoc, as used by Aristotle, has more particular reference to the wild cat (FeUs c<Uus, etc). Herodotus (ii, 66) uses alXovpoc to denote the domestic animal ; similarly, Cicero (Tuse. V, 27, 78) employs /e/w; but both Greek and Latin words are used to denote other animals, apparently some kinds of marten (Martes), The context of the passage m Baruch appears to point to the domesticated animal. Perhaps the people of Babylon originally procured the cat from Egypt, where it was a capitsd ofiTence to kill one (Diod. Sic. i, 88).— Smith, a. v. See Animal Worship. The Egyptians treated it as a divinity, under the denomination of Pasht, the Lunar Goddess, or Diana, holding every domesticated indi- vidual sacred, embalming St after death, and often sending it for interment to Bnbastis (see Jablonski, Panth, jEg, ii, 66). Tet we find the cat nowhere men- tioned in the canonical books as a domestic animaL In Baruch it is noticed only as a tenant of pagan tem^ pies, where, no doubt, the fKgments of sacrificed ani- mals and vegetables attracted vermin, and rendered the presence of cats necessary. With regard to the neigh- boring nations, they all had domestic cats, derived, it is presumed, f^om a wild species found in Nubia, and first described by Ruppel under tbe name of /efis manictUaia, Two specimens are here given i^m these
Ancient Egyptian domestio Cats.
CATABAPTISTS
145
CATACOMBS
pdntings : one dearlj a cat ; the other, in the origfaial, n^red aa catching birds, acting like a retriever for his master, who is fowling in a boat (Wilkinson, Anc. Eg. abridgm. i, 286, 287). It is not apparently a cat, but a species of yenned or paradoxunu, one of tiie ge- Dsra before hinted at. Both are nearly allied to the celebrated iehtaanon, the herpates of authors, the mod- em nems, which is even now occasionally domestica- ted ; it differs in manners, for the kerpetteM pharaoim does not fVeqaent the uplands, but willingly takes the water.— Kitto, s. v. See Eotpt.
CatabaptlstB (xard^ agcdntt, and Pairrurnic), a general name sometimes used to designate all who deny the necessity of Christian baptism.
Cataoombs, subterranean places of burial, gener- ally found in regions of soft and easily excavated rock, such as granolar tu&. The oldest are in Egypt ; oth- ers are to be found in Syria, Malta, Persia, Greece, and South America. It is likely that most of them were originally quarries, which afterwards came to be used ss places of burial fbr the dead or as hiding-places for the living. When the word catacombs U used alone, it applies generally to those of Rome, the soil around which city is nndermined in various places, and the long labyrinths thus formed are "The Catacombs." There are catacombs at Naples resembling those at Some; and also at Palermo and Syracuse. This arti- cle b devoted entirely to the Catacombs of Rome.