CASSIODORUS
141
CASTELL
llaolili aortkle GBSsianiis, in Entk s. Gniber*t EneyUo- padie; Hagenbach, Hittory ofDoctrme$, § lU; Lard- aer, Warkt, v, 27 ; Clarke, Sacred LUeriouref ^ 188.
Ca88iod5niB, or Cassiodoriut, Magnus Aubblixts, Smator, was bom at Scyladmn (Sqaillaoe), in Brut- tiun (Lacania), of a noble Boman fkmily, about 468, and gained a bigh reputation for wisdom and elo- quence at a comparatiyelj early age. Tbeodoric load- ed turn with honors and employments near his own person, and about 500 made him prefect of the Prasto- rium, and raised him to the patrician rank. In 514 he was sole consuL He retained his influence at court under Atlialaric, but in 587 he retired into the coun- try, and founded the monastery of Yiyiers ( Vwariaue), in Calabria. He was still Uying in 562, and is be- lieved to havB lived beyond a hundred years. In his retreat he devoted himself to literature, even to copy- ing manuscripts, and it is an undoubted fitet that we owe to liim Uie preservation of many precious manu- scripts. Some, indeed, say that he first of all set the monks to this labor of copying. Besides some gram- matical works, he wrote ,J7Mtoru9 Ecdeakui. Tripartiim (Frsnkf. 158^; ConynOtu PasdtatiB^ etc. ; DeltuHUutiom Diomanua LUerarumf Expontio in Ptcdmot; Complex- Mwt m EpitL Apoitol. (Rott. 1723, 8vo). His works were collected and published in 1491 and 1588 ; the most exact is the edition of Dom Caret (Rouen, 1679, 2 vols, ibl., and Yen. 1729). They are also in Migne, Pairologia, IfafEei published at Verona (1702) a com- mentary of Cassiodorus on the Acts and Epistles, which he discovered in the library of that city. His Ufe was written by the Benedictine St. Marthe (La vie de Cat- Mare^ Paris, 1694).— Landon, Ecda, DieAmary, s. v. ; Gieseler, Church Hittory, i, § 112 ; Herzog, BeaJUEiicy' Uopddie, ii, 608; Cave, Eid, Lk. (1720), p. 825.
CaBsitis (ftdly Caius Cassitts Lonointo), one of the murderers of Julius Caesar, first appears in history as the quaestor of Crassns in the unfortunate campaign against the Parthians, B.C. 58, when he greatly distin- guished himself by his military sldlL After various public services he conspired with Brutus against Cas- aar, B.C. 44, and in the anarchy that followed he usurp- ed the presidency of Syria, in which capacity his vio- lent conduct toward the Jews is related by Josepbus (Ant, xiv, 11 and 12). The forces of the conspirators were defeated by Antony at Philippi, and Cassius com- manded hb freedmen to put an end to his life, B.C. 42. •—Smith, DicL of Class, Bioff,, s. v. Longinns.
Josephus also mentions anotiier (Caius) Cassius Lon- ghins as appointed governor of Syria, A.D. 50, by Ckudius, in tlie place of Marcus (AnL xz, i, 1 ; comp. XV, 11, 4). He was banished by Nero, A.D. 66, who dreaded his popularity at Bome (Smith, ul at^.).
Cassook, the coat formerly worn by all orders of the clergy in the Roman and English churches; in the Church of Rome it varies in color with the dignity of the wearer. Priests wear black ; bishops, purple ; cardinals^ scarlet; and popes, white. In the Church of England, black is worn by all the three orders of the dergy, and the garment is of cloth or silk, with plain sleeves like a coat, made to fit dose to the body, and tied round the middle with a girdle. It is worn vnder the gown or suxplice. The cassock. was not origfaially appropriated to the clergy : the word is used hi Shakspeare fbr a military coat.
Cast (the representative of many Heb. words, and uoally of the Greek fiaXXu!) occurs in many apfdica- tiotts as a aynonyme of throw. The following seem to deserve special notice.
1. Amariah, king of Judah, caused the punislmient of ''ooaeii^ daim fhmi the top of a rock" to be inflicted on ten thousand Edomites whom he had taken in war (2 Chron. xxv, 12) ; and the Greeks and Romans were in the habit of condemning certain criminals to be cast down from the top of a rock, especially the latter na-
tion, whence the ftmons '* Tarpeian Rook'* at Rome.
See PUKISHMBMT.
2. The phrase to ^^catt ap a bank*' is one frequently employed in Scripture for the prelfaninary act in be- seigers of raising a rampart of blockade around a hos- tile dty. See Sibob.
8. For the practice of *' oattmff metal," see Hbtal-
LUBGT.
4. On the act of ^^cattinffoui of the synagogue," see
EZOOMMUMICATION.
5. ^* Castaway" (idoKiftoc, not accepted, reprobate) occurs 1 Cor. ix, 27, as a term equivalent to apostate. See Apostast.
Castalion, CastaUo, or CastelHo, Sebastiaiv, a Protestant writer of extraordinary talent, was bom of poor parents in Dauphine in 1515. His fiunily name was Chateillon, which he Latinized into Castalion. He applied himself early to the ancient languages, and became a great i^oflcient in Greek and Hebrew. In 1540-1 Calvin invited him to Geneva, and had him appointed to a professor^s chair. In a few years Cas- talio, having become obnoxious to Calvin on account of his opinions on predestination, left Geneva for Ba- sle, where he employed himself in teaching- and writ- ing. He wrote PsaUermn reliquaque aacrarum LUera" rum Carmma et Precationes (1547, with notes) : — Jonas Propheta, heroico carmine Latino descriptm: — IXalqgo- rum Sacrorum ad Unguam et mores puerorwnformandos, Ubri ixf (translated into English by Bellamy under the title Youth*s Scripture Semembrancer, or Select Sacred Stories by way of familiar JDiaJogue$y Lat. and Eng., Lon- don, 1748). He also published a version in Latin versie of the Sibylline Books, with notes, and a Latin trans- lation of the Dialogues of Bernardino Ochino. Before he left Geneva he had undertaken a complete Latin version of the Bible from the Hebrew and Greek, which he completed at Basle (Biblia Vet. et Nov. Test, ex versione Seb, CastaUonis, Basil. 1551), and dedicated to Edward VI of England. He published a Frendi version of the same in 1555. CastaUo^s versions were made the subject of much conflicting criticism. His Latin Bible went through several editions; that of Leipzig, 1697, contains also his DeUneaHo Rdptublicm Judaiom ex Josepho; Defensio vernonis Novi Faderis contra Th. Bezam, and Nota proUxior t» ccqt. ix Episio- la ad Bomanhoe, He carried on an epistolary contro- versy with Calvin and Beza^who assailed him with many charges, and even urged the magistrates of Ba- sle to drive him away. He passed his latter years at Basle in great poverty, and died Dec. 28, 1568, leaving his family in want. " In 1562 Castalio published i>e- fensio suarum Translationum Bibliorum et maxime Novi Fcederis. B.iB, Diahgi IV de Prcedestinatumey Electione, Libero J^bitAo, ac Fide, were published in 1578 by Faustns Socinus. The book attacks Calvin's doc- trines with great violence, as making God a tyrant, as tending to encourage vice, and to discourage all exer- tion toward vfartue. Castalio has been abused both by Calvinists and Roman Catholics ; Arminian critics have been more indulgent to him. He wrote a treat- ise to prove that magistrates have no right to punish heretics" (English Cydopadid), He was more a phi- lologist than a theologian ; he treated the Bible rather as a critic than as an interpreter.— Home, Bibliog. Ap- pendix, pt. i, ch. i, § 4; ^ag. La France Protestante, iii, 861; Hagenbach, Hiet. of Doctrines, § 250; Bayle, Dictionary, s. v. ; Wesley, Workt, vii, bTL