;i/AVi/r^-A/Avi//^i
Patteraa ct ancient E^ypiian CeilingB.
greatly resembling those mentioned in the above texts (Wilkinson's Ane. Egypt, ii, 125). According to Mr. Layard, in the ancient Assyrian houses also ** the ceil- ings overhead were divided into square compartments, painted with flowers or with the figures of animals. Some were inlaid with ivory, each compartment being surrounded by elegant borders and mouldings" (A'tiw- veh, ii, 208). The following remarks are fr^mi Smith's Diet. s. V. : The descriptions of Scripture (1 Kings vi, 9, 15 ; vli, 8 ; 2 Chron. iii, 5, 9 ; Jer. xxii, 14 ; Hag. i, 4) and of Josephus (Ant. viii, 8, 2-9; xv, 11, 5) shew that the ceilings of the Temple and the palaces of tlie Jewfth kings were formed of dear planks applied to the beams or joints crossing from wall to wall, proba- bly with sunk panels (<parvwfJMTa\ edged and orna- mented with gold, and carved with incised or other pattems (fiaOv^vXotc yXvfaTf), sometimes painted (Jer. xxii, 14). It is probable that both Egyptian and Assyrian models were in this, as in other branches of architectural constmction, followed before the Roman period. See Abchitbcturb. The construction and designs of Assyrian ceilings in the more important buildings can only be conjectured (Layard, Nineveh, ii, 265, 289), but the proportions in the walls themselres answer in a great degree to those mentioned in Scrip- ture (Nin. and Bab. p. 642 ; Fergusson, Hand-book of Ardkitecture, i, 201). Examples, however, are extant of Egyptian ceilings in stucco painted with devices of a date much earlier than that of Solomon*s Temple. Of these devices, the principal are the guiUoche, the chevron, and the scroll. Some are painted in blue, with stars, and others bear representations of Inrds and other emblems (Wilkinson, Anc Egypt, ii, 290). The excessive use of vermilion and other glaring col- ors in Roman house-painting, of which Vitmvius at a later date complains (vii, 5), may have been introduced from Egypt, whence also came, in all probability, the taste for vermilion painting shown in Jehoiakim's pal- ace (Jer. xxii, 14; Amos iii, 15 ; Wilkinson, i, 19). See also the descriptions given by AthensBus (v, 196) of the tent of Ptolemy Philadelphus and the ship of Philopi- tor (ib. 206), and of the so-called sepulchres of the kings of Syria, near Tyre, by Hasselquist (p. 165). The
CEELLIER
173
CELESTINE
panel-work in ceilings which has been described is fonnd in Oriental and North African dwellings of late snd modem time. Shaw describes the ceilings of Moorish houses in Barbary as of wainscot, either '*Tei7 artftilly painted, or else tlirown into a variety of panels, with gilded mouldings and scrolls of the Ko-
Blue. H
Modem Egyptian Ceiling with dlfforent GobniL
ran intermixed'* (Trav. p. 208). Mr. Porter describes the ceilings of houses at Damascus as delicately paint- ed, and in ^he more ancient houses with ** arabesques*' encompassing panels of blue, on which are inscribed renee and chapters of the Koran in Arabic ; also a tomb at Palmyra, with a stone ceiling beautifully pan- elled and painted {Damamu, i, 84, 87, 57, 80, 232; comp Dent, vi, 9 ; see also Lane's Mod, B^ypt. i, 87, 88; Thomson, Land and Book, ii, 571). Many of the rooms in the Palace of the Moors at the Alhambra were ceQed and ornamented with the richest geometrical patterns. The ancient Egyptians used colored tiles in their bufldings (Athen. v, 206; Wilkinson, ii, 287). The like taste is observed by Chardin to have prevail- ed in Persia, and he mentions beautiftal specimens of moeaic, arabesque, and inlaid wood-work in ceilings at Ispahan, at Room in the mosque of Fatima, and
BsBi
Panel-work in modem Egyptian Ceilings.
at Ardevil. These ceilings were constructed on the gjoond, and hoisted to their position by macliineTy (Chardin, Foyo^, ii, 484 ; iv, 126 ; vii, 887 ; viii, 40, plate 89; Olearius, p. 241). See House.
Ceillier, Dom Remt, an eminent French theologi- an, was bom at Bar-le-Duc in 1688. He entered the order of St. Benedict in 1705, and became titular prior of Flavigny. In 1718 he published, Apologie de la monk du Phvs d« ViglUe, contre Jean Barbeyrac; hot the work of his life was his Histoire Generate des Autevn 8acre» et EcclUiattiqueM (1729-1768, 28 vols. 4to)— a work more complete, and perhaps more accu- rate than that of Dupin, although inferior to him in the analysis of books. A new edition has appeared (Paris, 1860-65, 15 vols. 8vo), with additions, but un- fortonately thus far withdut general indexes. The cldef superiority of Ceillier over Dupin lies hi his treatment of the writers of the first six centuries, in which he had the use of Tillemont, and also of the Benedictine editions of the fkthers. In the Middle Ages, and especially in the scholastic theology, for which he had no taste, he does not equal Dupin. Ceil- lier died Nov. 17, 1761.—^^. UnheneUe, s. v.
CeimeUarohaB (ffet/xijXtapxoc, heepen of ike taered vessel), a class of inferior officers in the ancient church. They bad charge of all utensils and precious things laid up in the sacred repository of the church. The name toemophylax is used in Uie same signification; also chartop^flax, or eusUm archivorum, custodian of the rolls or archives (Suioer, Tkettmnuy ii, 971). This of- ficer was commonly a presbyter ; Miacedonins was both presbyter and sceuophylax of the church of Constanti- nople ; and Sozomen styles Theodore, presbyter of An- tioch, who sufibred martyrdom in the days of JulUn, ^vXcuut rStv ceiftiyXiwv, '* keeper of the sacred uten sils."* He was put to death because he would not de* liver* up what he had in his custody. In the Greek Church the chartophylax acta.as the patriarch's sub« stitute, excommunicating and licensing presbyters and deacons, and sitting as supreme ecclesiastical judge in many cases. — Bingliam, Orig. Ecd, bk. iii, ch. xiii, § 8 ; Sozomen, Hist, Eocl. v, 8.